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Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Trichloroethylene is a multipurpose solvent and applied in paint and rubber industry as a degreasing agent and in dry cleaning. It acts predominantly on the nervous system.102,208 Acute exposure produces dysfunction of the facial and optic cranial nerves. Recovery is slow and occurs over a period of months. The pathological mechanism of the cranial neuropathy is not established, but probably is connected with demyelination. Chronic exposure results in trigeminal neuropathy, visual disturbances, tremors, and impaired memory. The major effect of hexachlorobenzene is porphyria with neurological impairment.462 Hexachlorophene is neurotoxic.467,471
The Evaluation of Photo Allergic Contact Sensitizers in Humans
Published in Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach, Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Several members of this class of compounds, notably those that gave rise to outbreaks of photosensitivity in the past, were identified as photosensitizers by the photomaxi mi zati on test (Table 1). 3,5-Dibromosalicylanilide (3,5-DBS) and tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) produced the highest sensitization rates (40 and 32%, respectively). One sample of tribromosalicylanilide (TBS) that contained up to 47% dibrominated derivatives as impurities (sample A) produced photosensitization, while a purer sample (B) containing only 1.2% dibrominated derivative (3,5-DBS) produced no instances of sensitization. TBS may have little or negligible photosensitization potential compared to the dibrominated derivatives. The latter substances have also produced higher sensitization rates than TBS in animals (Morikawa et al., 1974). Jadit and bithionol, which are also known photosensitizers, produced photosensitization, although the rates were lower than with TCSA. Trichlorocarbanilide and hexachlorophene (Hex) were inactive. Rare reports of photocontact allergy to Hex and trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) based on positive photopatch tests could have represented crossphotoreactions to some other primary photosensitizers such as TCSA or bithionol. In one such study, for example, all patients who were positive in photopatch tests to Hex also had strong reactions to other halogenated phenolics (Epstein et al., 1968).
Photoallergy
Published in Henry W. Lim, Nicholas A. Soter, Clinical Photomedicine, 2018
Hexachlorophene was a widely used antibacterial in over-the-counter skin cleansers in the United States; it can only be dispensed by prescription because of reports of neurotoxicity. PHisoHex is still used in the United States today, but with much lower frequency. It is a rarely reported photoallergen.
Clinical implications of myelin regeneration in the central nervous system
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Christopher E McMurran, Srikirti Kodali, Adam Young, Robin JM Franklin
Besides these autoimmune disorders, a number of other pathological states can damage myelin. Rapid electrolyte disturbances can cause central pontine myelinolysis, classically with an iatrogenic cause due to rapid correction of hyponatremia. It is thought that oligodendrocytes in the pons are particularly vulnerable to resultant changes in cell volume, which triggers apoptosis [20]. This is an unusual example of demyelination occurring in the relative absence of an inflammatory infiltrate, and again shows a wide range of prognostic outcomes, which can be difficult to predict. Exposure to various toxins can cause clinical demyelination, presumably by selective toxicity to oligodendrocytes. This includes carbon monoxide which is thought to kill oligodendrocytes by hypoxia and damage myelin through lipid peroxidation [21]. The disinfectant hexachlorophene, once widely used, became heavily regulated in the 1970s after being shown to alter the ultrastructure of myelin and cause demyelination [22]. Dietary deficiency can also lead to CNS demyelination, for example of vitamin B12, which is an essential cofactor for maintaining a myelin sheath [23]. The JC virus is a direct infective cause of multifocal primary demyelination [24], while several other pathogens are possible triggers for autoimmune demyelination through molecular mimicry [25].
Optometric infection control guidelines assessing patients with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2018
Tammy Labreche, Sarah Maciver, Nadine M Furtado
According to a 2009 report from the World Health Organization, the leading cause of hospital acquired infections and transmission of antibiotic‐resistant organisms was poor hand hygiene.2009 It is therefore not surprising that the importance of handwashing was reported in several of the articles reviewed.1989 Joshi et al.2013 elaborated that handwashing should occur between patient encounters. Goel et al.2016 and Reem et al.2014 specify that proper hand hygiene should include hand sanitisation, although they did not expand on the correct method. The study by Reboli et al.1989 discovered that only washing with hexachlorophene soap was effective at eradicating an MRSA outbreak.
Clinical evidence for washing and cleansers in acne vulgaris: a systematic review*
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Thomas Stringer, Arielle Nagler, Seth J. Orlow, Vikash S. Oza
Antiseptic cleansers are used in AV to decrease disease severity through attenuating Propionibacterium acnes colonization in treated areas. Antiseptics that have been studied in AV include hexachlorophene, chlorhexidine, and povidone-iodine. We found two articles pertaining to antiseptic cleansers meeting our inclusion criteria.