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Order Tubulavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Displaying tissue-targeting peptides on the phage coat surface, it appeared possible to deliver therapeutic compounds into a specific cell type. Thus, Vaks and Benhar (2011) displayed an antibody on the p3 of the phage f1 and chemically conjugated that with chloramphenicol as a selected antibiotic. The conjugation took place between the amine group provided by neomycin-chloramphenicol and the carboxyl group of the phage surface. This type of conjugation process could change the properties of the phage; the immunogenicity of the phages diminished and their infectivity and toxicity was significantly reduced, whereas the half-life of the conjugated phage increased in the bloodstream. On the other hand, this experiment confirmed that the toxicity and side effects of hazardous drugs could be controlled by conjugation to the filamentous phages. Remarkably, after injection of the appropriate dose of the antibiotic-loaded phage virions, no toxic side effects of either the drug or the phage were observed (Vaks and Benhar 2011).
Gastrointestinal Function and Toxicology in Canines
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs is an important aspect of pharmacology and medicine. For example, the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of a drug’s pharmacologic action. Drug metabolism also affects multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and in chemotherapy for cancer, and the actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions. These pathways are also important in environmental science, with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be broken down during bioremediation, or persist in the environment. The enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism, particularly the glutathione S-transferases are also important in agriculture, since they may produce resistance to pesticides and herbicides.
Use of Biomarkers in Occupational Safety and Health
Published in Anthony P. DeCaprio, Toxicologic Biomarkers, 2006
Occupational exposure of health care workers to pharmacologically active compounds was first observed in the late 1970s when Falck et al. (72) demonstrated that the urine of nurses handling antineoplastic agents was mutagenic in the Ames microbial mutagenicity assay. Over the next 25 years, this early work has led to hundreds of studies of the exposure of health care workers to cytotoxic and/or antineoplastic drugs using biological monitoring for either urinary mutagenicity or cytogenetic analysis of circulating white blood cells (73). This effort has culminated in the recent publication by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of an Alert for Preventing Occupational Exposures to Antineoplastic and other Hazardous Drugs in Health Care Settings (74).
Chemotherapy supply chain management, safe-handling and disposal in Ethiopia: the case of Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2023
Atalay Mulu Fentie, Zelalem Tilahun Mekonen, Zelalem Gizachew, Mahlet Hailemariam, Stephen M. Clark, Jaime Richardson, Benyam Muluneh
Apart from the supply of chemotherapy and chemo-admixture related problems, disposal of contaminated supplies and left-over or damaged/expired anticancer drugs is the ocean of the problems in Ethiopia. There was little awareness as to how and where hazardous drugs are discarded. As the study participants articulated, chemotherapy is handled and disposed of like other hospital waste. There is an increased expectation from TASH, a large pioneer referral and academic center, with increasing efforts made by the government to address safe handling of hazardous drugs and become a role model for the other newly emerging cancer centers. Thus, a concerted effort is necessary from all stakeholders to solve this critical problem holistically to create a safe environment for healthcare professionals involved in the care of people with cancer.
Neuroprotective role of herbal alternatives in circumventing Alzheimer’s disease through multi-targeting approach - a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Sunil K Ravi, Balenahalli Narasingappa Ramesh, Shilpa Kj, Jagadesha Poyya, Jyothsna Karanth, N.G Raju, Chandrashekhar G Joshi
Over the past nine decades, researchers have been targeting one factor at a time, which did not result in any drug to cure AD. Efficient pharmacotherapy may require simultaneous action on several targets involved in its pathogenesis due to the complexity of AD. Such effects may be achieved by administering a drug cocktail or a multicomponent drug. Besides AD, other neurological disorders such as depression, allergies, hypertension, schizophrenia, inflammation, and metabolic diseases can also be treated by this combination of drugs [224]. But, this approach carries the risk of potentially hazardous drug-drug interactions caused by specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of individual components. It would be ideal if a single molecule could simultaneously act on multiple targets with greater efficacy and safety profile. In 2005, Morphy and Rankovic proposed this innovative strategy to develop MTDLs as potential drug candidates. This approach can be more relevant and practical since AD is a complex neurological disorder with multiple causative factors.
Inhaled cytotoxic chemotherapy: clinical challenges, recent developments, and future prospects
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Nathalie Wauthoz, Rémi Rosière, Karim Amighi
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is composed of at least one hazardous drug, requiring full protective equipment, procedures, and infrastructure before, during, and after preparation and administration to limit the exposure of healthcare personnel [47]. Moreover, the dose of cytotoxic drug needed for it to be deposited in the lungs can be quite large (i.e. one to several tens of mg) and can require a long time of administration by nebulization, which is a second serious concern [35]. Finally, perfusion of some cytotoxic drugs (i.e. 10–30% of chemotherapies in lung cancer therapy [48]) presents pulmonary toxicities (e.g. bronchospasm, interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis), which has discouraged many clinicians from trying or having confidence in this pharmaceutical treatment approach [15].