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Substance Abuse during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
More than 22 million people in the USA use marijuana or its derivatives [hash, hash oil, Thai sticks, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)] regularly. Fifty percent or more of users are women of reproductive age. An estimated 3 percent of the population uses marijuana daily and as many as 10–15 percent of Americans use the drug on a monthly basis (CDC, 2017). Estimated prevalence rates of cannabinoid use during pregnancy from 41 studies indicates a wide range, from 0.24 to 22.6 percent of gravidas (Singh et al., 2020).
Cannabis
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Cannabis is mainly smoked in small pipes, bongs or in paper roll-ups usually mixed with tobacco (called joints or spliffs), or by using vapourisers, which eliminate carcinogenic combustion byproducts. It can also be consumed in the form of cannabis tea, which contains relatively small concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or in edible forms, a route that is notoriously slow and unreliable in dose titration (Grotenhermen and Russo, 2002). Besides herbal cannabis, other preparations include a powder form (kief or kif) and hashish made from concentrated resin or kief. Cannabinoids can also be extracted from the cannabis plant, by using high-proof spirits to create a tincture, or by solvent extraction, creating hash oil, which can sometimes contain more than 60 per cent of Δ9-THC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2016).
Cannabis
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
Hashish (or hash) is a potent form of cannabis and often has a higher THC content with a stronger effect. But hashish also has a higher CBD content which counteracts or changes the effect of THC. It is produced from the resins-Trichomes – fine growths on cannabis plants which are collected and compressed into blocks, sticks or balls. Hash oil is another form of the drug and may range in color from amber to dark brown. A drop or two is placed on a cigarette before it is smoked. “Skunk” has a particularly strong smell, “sinsemilla” is a bud grown in the absence of male plants and which has no seeds and “netherweed” contains on average two to three times the amount of the active compound, THC.
Underreporting of past-year cannabis use on a national survey by people who smoke blunts
Published in Substance Abuse, 2022
Austin Le, Benjamin H. Han, Joseph J. Palamar
For cannabis use, participants were asked whether they had used marijuana or hashish (cannabis) in the past 12 months. It was explained that marijuana is also called pot or grass, and that it is usually smoked (in cigarettes called joints or in a pipe) and that it is sometimes cooked in food.25 It was further explained that hashish is a form of cannabis also called hash, which is typically smoked in a pipe. They were also reminded that another form of hashish is hash oil. This question did not, however, ask specifically about blunt use. Later in the survey, participants were asked about past-year use of blunts, which was defined as when someone takes some tobacco out of a cigar and replaces it with marijuana. Since questions about blunts did not stem directly from the general cannabis use questions, some responses could be discordant or contradictory (i.e., self-reported blunt use without earlier reported use of cannabis). We created a variable indicating whether a discordant response was provided. Specifically, we created a binary variable indicating who reported blunt use but did not report cannabis use compared to those who reported cannabis use and did not provide a discordant response. We also created a variable indicating reported cannabis use or blunt use in order for us to provide a corrected estimate of use.
Risk factors of emerging adults reporting concurrent use of e-cigarettes with THC/cannabis
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Sadie R. Middleton, Amanda T. Wiggins, Mary Kay Rayens, Jennifer McMullen, Melinda Ickes
Just as e-cigarettes make it more discreet to use nicotine, the products can also make it more attractive for young adults to use cannabis. E-cigarettes can be modified to vaporize highly concentrated hash oil, highly concentrated wax forms of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or dried marijuana buds, a new method of cannabis ingestion (Loflin & Earleywine, 2014). The THC oils are four to 30 times more concentrated than dried, combustible cannabis (i.e., joint, blunt, etc.; Mehmedic et al., 2010). Given the surge in vaping cannabis and THC products among emerging adults, who also might be concurrently using nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, warrants concern for polysubstance dependence.
Leveraging user perspectives for insight into cannabis concentrates
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2018
Patricia A. Cavazos-Rehg, Melissa J. Krauss, Shaina J. Sowles, Glennon M. Floyd, Elizabeth S. Cahn, Veronica L. Chaitan, Marisel Ponton
Cannabis concentrates (hereafter concentrates) are an extracted form of cannabis that contain especially potent concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis (1). Extract production using butane is illegal in the US without a proper license (2–5). Still, concentrates labs exist nationwide, especially in Western states and in states with relaxed marijuana laws (6). Possession and purchase of concentrates are allowed in states that have legalized medicinal or recreational cannabis, where concentrates can be legally purchased at a dispensary (5,7). Concentrates can contain as high as 80% THC, which is roughly four times stronger than what is found in a “high grade” cannabis plant (8). Notably, there are many different types of concentrates, each made from different processes and containing a different average THC potency (9,10). Dry processing methods, which are some of the oldest methods of producing concentrates, result in Kief, which averages 25–30% THC concentrations (9,10). Water-based processing methods create hash, or “bubble,” which typically yields an average of 40–45% THC (9,10). Solvent-based processes result in butane hash oil, or “wax,” which also has many other names (10). While these types typically vary widely in potency, the average is 65–70% THC (9). Finally, carbon dioxide-based methods yield CO2 oil, which averages 50–55% THC (9,10). Each of these extract forms have higher average THC concentrations than do traditional forms of cannabis. Additionally, there are increased risks with the novice production of concentrates (e.g., contaminated concentrates due to residual solvents), which is more likely in states where marijuana remains illegal and not accessible by a legitimate retailer (10,11).