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COVID-19 Pandemic and Traditional Chinese Medicines
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Roheena Abdullah, Ayesha Toor, Hina Qaiser, Afshan Kaleem, Mehwish Iqtedar, Tehreema Iftikhar, Muhammad Riaz, Dou Deqiang
Glycyrrhizic acid, also known as glycyrrhizin, is an active compound of Glycyrrhiza glabra L (licorice) possessing anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and immunomodulatory activities and stabilize the cell membranes. Glycyrrhizic acid is responsible for inhibiting replication of SARS-CoV-2 particles and hinders penetration of virus into host cell. When 600 mg/l is used as EC50, glycyrrhizin is considerably less effectual during and after period of viral penetration but 2,400 mg/l as EC50 is the most effective dose in this regard. A combination of curcumin, glycyrrhizin, and vitamin C has been identified by System biology tools to be effective to regulate body’s immune response produced against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This combination targets Toll like signaling pathways and NOD like signaling pathways and inhibit P13K/AKT, NF-kB, and MAPK signaling pathway preventing cytokine storm thereby inhibiting excessive inflammatory response. Glycyrrhizin also regulate ACE 2 activity by binding to ACE2, 3C like protease, Spike, P like protease, and RdRp [24].
Anti-Hyperglycemic Property Of Medicinal Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Karanpreet Singh Bhatia, Arpita Roy, Navneeta Bhardavaj
Glycyrrhiza glabra with common name liquorice, is a fellow of Fabaceae family. It is an herbaceous perennial plant, native of Middle East, southern Europe and part of Asia such as India. Sweetness in liquorice comes from the compound glycyrrhizin present in G. glabra. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of liquorice is attributed to glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin present in roots. Glycyrrhizic acid has been reported to improve the insulin sensitivity, enhanced lipoprotein lipase expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, kidney, and heart, it also shows reduction in serum levels of fatty acid, LDL, total cholesterol and lipid deposition in insulin independent hyperglycemic rat tissue (Eu et al., 2010). In another study, glycyrrhizin has been shown to possess anti-hyperglycemic activity by enhancing serum insulin level, reinforcing antioxidant function in diabetic rats and by improving pancreatic and kidney tissue in STZ-I hyperglycemic rats (Sen et al., 2011). Rani et al. (2017) used nanoformulations or nanoparticles loaded with glycyr-rhizin or metaformin and tested in vivo for their anti-hyperglycemic activity against type-II diabetes in rats and results proved a significant decrease in serum blood glucose levels (Rani et al., 2017).
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Bailly and Vergoten (2020) also analyzed the anticoronavirus potential of the natural product glycyrrhizic acid, a drug used to treat liver diseases (including viral hepatitis) and specific skin inflammation (such as atopic dermatitis) in some countries. Glycyrrhizic acid has shown antiviral activities against different viruses, including human and animal coronaviruses associated with SARS.
The effects of methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on the prevention and treatment of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rat: experimental study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Mitra Samareh Fekri, Hamid Reza Poursalehi, Fariba Sharififar, Ali Mandegary, Farzaneh Rostamzadeh, Rahil Mahmoodi
The desirable effects of Glycyrrhizic acid have been demonstrated in the liver diseases such as reduction of steatosis and necrosis in liver cells, as well as the reduction of interstitial inflammation and hepatic fibrosis (Korenaga et al.2011). Due to anti-oxidant property, G. glabra inhibits reactive oxidative stress (ROS) produced by neutrophils in the inflamed region (Akamatsu et al.1991). Similar to the above-mentioned studies, anti-inflammatory properties of G. glabra were verified in this study, as infiltration of inflammatory cells, deposition of collagen, and proliferation of fibroblasts as well as the concentration of hydroxyproline in pulmonary tissue as an index of fibrosis, and the level of LPO was reduced. The level of catalase as an anti-oxidant in the lung tissue was increased. Therefore, G. glabra by reducing the inflammatory and fibrosis indices and balancing anti-oxidant/oxidant may improve IPF.
Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates concanavalin A-induced liver injury via the p38 and JNK MAPK pathway
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Yudi Gao, Yuan Tian, Xiangying Zhang, Xiaohui Zhang, Zhongping Duan, Feng Ren, Yu Chen
The treatment of liver inflammation and liver failure is a global problem. In China, the application of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese herbal extracts is an integral part of the comprehensive treatment of liver diseases. Glycyrrhizic acid preparations are used as first-line drugs for liver diseases in clinical settings worldwide due to their outstanding anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects, and glycyrrhizic acid preparations are recommended as excellent hepatic protectors in clinical guidelines for liver diseases in China and Japan [6]. MgIG is the latest generation glycyrrhizic acid product with enhanced activity and a reduced number of adverse effects. MgIG has been used clinically due to its numerous liver-protective effects, as it ameliorates the inflammatory response of acute virus hepatitis, protects against NAFLD and inhibits drug-induced liver injury [26–29]. In recent years, MgIG has gradually been used to treat autoimmunological liver disease. However, the specific effects of MgIG treatment on ConA-induced immunological liver injury in mice and its potential molecular mechanism still need to be elucidated. Liver cells contain transaminases required for substance metabolism, mainly ALT and AST. Serum levels of ALT and AST are significantly elevated in hepatocyte injury; therefore, serum transaminase levels are important indicators of liver damage. We investigated the effect of MgIG in ConA-induced immune liver injury, and found that MgIG pretreatment significantly reduced serum transaminase levels in mice after injury induction and alleviated necrosis in liver tissue (Figure 1).
Glycyrrhetinic acid: a promising scaffold for the discovery of anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Hidayat Hussain, Iftikhar Ali, Daijie Wang, Faruck L. Hakkim, Bernhard Westermann, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ahmed M. Ashour, Amjad Khan, Amjad Hussain, Ivan R. Green, Syed Tasadaque Ali Shah
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a glycyrrhizin (also called glycyrrhizic acid) aglycon, is widely present in licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. uralensis). Furthermore, licorice was also employed in Persian traditional medicine to treat respiratory infections, peptic ulcers, tremor, and gastritis [12,13]. In ancient times, licorice was employed to treat cough and asthma [14,15], lung diseases [15,16], chest diseases [15,17], liver diseases [15,18], stomach diseases [15,16], intestine diseases [15,16], indigestion [15,16], arterial diseases [15,19], urinary tract infections [15,20], kidney pain [15,18], expulsion of kidney stones [15,21], ulcers [15,22,23], bladder diseases [15,22,23], fever [15,16,23], and eye diseases [15,18,23].