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Green Metal-Based Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Medicinal Plants and Plant Phytochemicals against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed, Lin Xiao, Tracey Jill Morton McKay, Guang Yang
These MRD bacteria cause numerous infectious diseases and are a global threat. For example, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus causes serious MRSA infections. In addition, other strains of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) are involved in serious infections of hospital-onset methicillin-resistant S. aureus. MRSA is becoming increasingly resistant to first- and second-line antibiotics, making MRSA infections hard to treat. A major challenge is the unique ability of S. aureus to rapidly develop resistance to antibiotics by developing different resistance mechanisms, including the first discovered penicillin to daptomycin and linezolid (Kaur and Chate, 2015). In the case of MRSA, the resistance developed when methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains obtained Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec). This carries the mecA gene that encodes the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein (PBP2’ or PBP2a), causing resistance to all of the β-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin (McGuinness et al., 2017; Okwu et al., 2019). The treatment of MRSA infections now uses vancomycin as a last resort, making it the drug of choice to treat severe MRSA infections. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic, inhibiting the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall (McGuinness et al., 2017).
Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Zoltan M. Dinya, Ferenc J. Sztaricskai
The most important representatives, both theoretically and practically, of glycopeptide antibiotics are included in the bleomycin-phleomycin and vancomycin groups of antibiotic substances. Although each member of the former group contains a linear polypeptide chain and possesses primarily anticancer properties, the representatives of the latter family of antibiotics have cyclic peptide structure and are effective against bacteria [121].
Conversion of Natural Products from Renewable Resources in Pharmaceuticals by Cytochromes P450
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Giovanna Di Nardo, Gianfranco Gilardi
These antibiotics include vancomycin and teicoplanin (Fig. 17.7) and they target the bacterial cell wall. In particular, they inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis through binding via hydrogen bonds to amino acids of peptidoglycan precursors terminating in d-Ala-d-Ala (Reynolds, 1989). Structure of the glycopeptide antibiotics (A) vancomycin and (B) teicoplanin.
Role of dalbavancin as combination therapy: evidence from the literature and clinical scenarios
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Bruno Cacopardo, Dario Cattaneo, Francesco Cortese, Mariagrazia Di Luca, Marco Falcone, Giulia Marchetti, Carlo Tascini, Giusy Tiseo, Mario Venditti
Several in vitro studies showed a synergistic activity of lipopeptide and glycopeptide antibiotics combined with beta-lactams [17–19]. Since its approval, several in vitro studies also demonstrated the synergy between dalbavancin and other antibiotics [20]. Importantly, a synergistic effect with oxacillin was observed against staphylococci, including MRSA, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), and enterococci, findings with potential clinical implications. Of importance, dalbavancin displays potent in vitro synergistic activity with other antistaphylococcal antibiotics, such as ceftaroline [21,22]. Dalbavancin MICs significantly decrease in combination with cefazolin, ceftaroline, and oxacillin against MRSA, hVISA, VISA, and linezolid-resistant S. aureus isolates [21]. The combination of dalbavancin plus linezolid against MRSA isolates is highly synergistic with no antagonistic effect [23].
Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Karsten Becker, Anna Both, Samira Weißelberg, Christine Heilmann, Holger Rohde
Unfortunately, options for antimicrobial therapy of CoNS infections are often significantly limited due to the widespread presence of acquired resistance mechanisms. Especially PBP2a-mediated resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics is of evident paramount importance. Of notice, methicillin resistance is a negative predictor for outcome in prosthetic joint infections caused by S. epidermidis [175]. Glycopeptide antibiotics are the principle component of antimicrobial therapies in infections caused by methicillin-resistant isolates. Glycopeptide-based therapies, however, are associated with significant clinical problems, owing to the need for therapeutic drug monitoring and significant risk for adverse clinical events, especially related to the compound´s nephrotoxic potential. As a consequence, compounds specifically developed for treating MRSA infections are also of general interest for infections related to CoNS. This holds also true for agents that can overcome glycopeptide (hetero-) resistance in CoNS.
Clinical management of severe, fulminant, and refractory Clostridioides difficile infection
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
There has also been renewed interest in teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic structurally related to vancomycin with similar narrow spectrum activity against Gram-positive anaerobes [47]. It was previously found to have a 96% treatment success in CDI and only 7% recurrence rate compared with 94% success and 16% recurrence with vancomycin in the same study [48]. The role of teicoplanin in pseudomembranous CDI colitis (a marker of SCDI) was compared to oral vancomycin resulting in comparable rates of treatment success (100% vancomycin vs 96.2% teicoplanin, p = 0.56) and recurrence (20% vancomycin vs 7.7% teicoplanin, p = 0.21) [49]. The CDI epidemic led to renewed interest in teicoplanin and its role in SCDI. Popovic and colleagues conducted a prospective observational study where 287 study patients admitted with CDI were alternately given oral vancomycin, 125 mg every 6 h, or teicoplanin 200 mg every 12 h [50]. Teicoplanin had higher rates of clinical cure than vancomycin (90.7% vs 79.4%, p = 0.013), though not reaching significance in SCDI (95.2% vs 97%, p = 0.062) and CDI (73.9% vs 41.6%, p = 0.184). Recurrence rates were favorable toward teicoplanin in both SCDI (10% vs 35%, p < 0.001) and FCDI (5.9% vs 30.4%, p = 0.107). There was no significant difference in rates of all-cause mortality and colectomy.