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Emerging Biomedical Analysis
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
MS-based proteomics approaches are powerful tools for protein biomarker discovery (Wang et al. 2016). In typical MS-based proteomics studies, identification and quantification of tens of thousands of proteins and PTMs are routinely achieved. This allows for the identification of useful biomarkers of disease in high throughput using small amounts of material. Similar approaches can also be applied to metabolomics, lipidomics and glycomics studies for biomarker discovery of metabolites, lipids and glycans, respectively.
Mycobiome in health and disease
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Najla El-Jurdi, Jyotsna Chandra, Pranab K. Mukherjee
This chapter provided ample evidence of an undeniable fact: the host microbiota, both bacteria and fungi, with their collective genome (metagenome) and metabolites (metabolome) play a key role in health and disease states. As we highlighted in this chapter, much remains to be elucidated regarding the mechanisms by which these organisms interact with each other and with their host. In this regard, the microbiota is believed to interact at several levels with the host, including nutritional status and behavioral responses, and can affect local and distant organ systems. Elucidating the functional role of these microbiota in health and disease will be advanced greatly by studies, such as metabolomics, glycomics, and other systems biology analyses. Finally, the evidence regarding these functional roles will need to be corroborated using relevant cell culture and animal models.
Angiogenesis and Roles of Adhesion Molecules in Psoriatic Disease
Published in Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Debasis Bagchi, Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, 2017
Asmita Hazra, Saptarshi Mandal
YKL40 is one of the major secreted proteins from many structural cells, for example, human articular chondrocytes, synovial cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as inflammatory cells, for example, macrophages and mature neutrophils, and many tumor cells, especially the very aggressive and vascular ones, for example, gliomas. The biological functions of YKL40 are poorly understood, especially if there is any receptor. It seems to participate in many physiological and pathological processes, such as proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, mitogenesis, and remodeling. It is implicated in cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infections, and other disorders, for example, atherosclerosis, diabetes, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, PsA, RA, OA, Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia. Although no specific receptor is known, its ability to bind both proteins (e.g., type I collagen) and carbohydrates makes it a putative linking factor between proteomics and glycomics.
Relevance of glycans in the interaction between T lymphocyte and the antigen presenting cell
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Wilton Gómez-Henao, Eda Patricia Tenorio, Francisco Raúl Chávez Sanchez, Miguel Cuéllar Mendoza, Ricardo Lascurain Ledezma, Edgar Zenteno
Classically, glycosylation analysis in biological systems has been performed using lectins within techniques like flow cytometry, microscopy, microarrays, and lectin-blot, while high-performance chromatography and mass spectrometry have made it possible to elucidate with great precision the structure and molecular sequence of these glycans [21–23]. Understanding the functional role of glycosylation´s in biological contexts has traditionally been approached with specific inhibitors [24, 25]. However, these molecules affect glycosylation on all proteins that are post-translationally modified by each inhibited glycosylation, making this strategy quite unspecific for the study of the role of glycosylation on individual proteins. Recently, the use of antibody-glycosidase conjugates that selectively eliminate glycans present on a target protein without affecting glycosylation on other glycoconjugates has been reported. This will provide a new perspective in the study of glycoproteins and their potential therapeutic use in different diseases like cancer or autoimmune diseases [26]. The effort dedicated understand the structural and functional role of glycans has led to the creation of databases that allow a thorough study of glycomes, a branch of glycobiology known as glycomics [27].
Novel methods in glycomics: a 2019 update
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Wei-Qian Cao, Ming-Qi Liu, Si-Yuan Kong, Meng-Xi Wu, Zheng-Ze Huang, Peng-Yuan Yang
Efficient glycomic methods have greatly advanced glycomics in the past dozen years. With advances in glycomic methods, glycomics not only generates a partial list of glycans in a given cell type or tissue but also provides more comprehensive information, such as glycan attachment sites and the spatial organization of glycans in tissues, and thereby facilitates glycobiological research [257]. Glycomics are moving toward both generic and precise analysis. This process, however, raises several key issues that need to be addressed. For example, the lack of release methods and the very low abundance of O-glycans have been major barriers preventing the identification of the native O-glycome. Glycan isoform analysis and site-specific glycan analysis have always been the two most challenging tasks in glycomics due to the inherent complexity of glycans. Accurate solutions for the identification of labile modifications identification on glycans are needed. Low ionization of glycans is still the main problem in MS analysis. The spatial and temporal analysis of glycans is the new tough nut to crack since glycans are highly dynamic and unevenly distributed. Understanding the scope and scale of the functional roles of glycans in organisms and their impact on human disease will first requires detailed characterization of the glycomes of tissues or even cells. Extensive development is still needed to achieve the exquisite and superb technology necessary for complete characterization.
Improving cellular uptake of therapeutic entities through interaction with components of cell membrane
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Renshuai Zhang, Xiaofei Qin, Fandong Kong, Pengwei Chen, Guojun Pan
Three main components of plasma membrane are lipids, proteins, and saccharides. Lipids are the main skeleton of cell membrane, which constitutes the boundary between cell and its surroundings, and play active roles in regulating numerous processes in cell physiology (van Meer et al., 2008). Proteins are embedded in lipids in different ways, they regulate the exchange of substances between internal and external media and provide cellular signaling (Filomeni et al., 2003; Kagatani et al., 2010). Inside the cells, carbohydrates provide energy for cell activity. Meanwhile, cell surface is coated with a dense forest of polysaccharides conjugated to proteins and lipids. Great advances in glycomics, reveal the scope and scale of their functional roles, and their impact on human disease (Hart & Copeland, 2010). In this review, we will present how different chemic entities internalize into cells via interacting with various components of membrane, and give our personal view of how to utilize various components of cell membrane to enhance cellular uptake of chemic entities, including small molecules, macromolecules, and drug carriers.