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In Vitro Assessment of Dermal Absorption
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
The integrity of the membrane should also be assessed at the termination of the in vitro permeation measurement. This is necessary because it is possible that the intrinsic toxic potential of the chemical under investigation may interfere with the barrier functions of the membrane and influence the skin permeability of the compound, especially following extended contact during a lengthy penetration study. In a study on the in vitro absorption of glycol ethers through human skin, it was reported that contact with some of the ethers resulted in slight irreversible effects on the barrier function of the skin;37 however, the nature of the damage or how the damage may have altered the permeability of the skin to individual glycol ethers could not be judged from the experiments reported.
Effects of Environmental Factors on the Endocrine System
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Ethylene glycol ethers are commonly used as antifreeze in automobile coolant. They have been shown to induce testicular degeneration in rats, but there has been no documented reproductive toxicity in humans. Toluene is a common solvent in paints. Some women exposed to toluene occupationally suffer from menstrual disorders. In pregnant women, there is a decrease in fetal growth and newborn weight among those exposed to toluene which is embryotoxic rather than teratogenic.
Preparation of Samples for Liquid Scintillation and Gamma Counting
Published in Howard J. Glenn, Lelio G. Colombetti, Biologic Applications of Radiotracers, 2019
Frequently, compounds not soluble in scintillation fluid may be very soluble in a second solvent which in turn is soluble in toluene or other scintillation fluid. There may be drawbacks to this second solvent technique. The addition of a secondary solvent may cause severe quenching; the dilution of the scintillation solvent with secondary solvent may decrease the energy transfer efficiency; dilution of the sample-secondary solvent solution with scintillation fluid may cause precipitation of the sample, particularly on cooling. Some secondary solvents used with varying degrees of success are the alcohols, certain glycol ethers11 and dioxane. The latter solvent is completely miscible in both toluene and water and is probably the most widely used secondary solvent. In addition, the spectral spread of photons from the water-dioxane system shifts to longer wavelengths with increasing concentration of water, which results in a more efficient energy transfer.
Comparison of ConsExpo estimated exposure levels to glycol ethers during professional cleaning work to existing regulatory occupational exposure limit values
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Glycol ethers are among the components considered repeatedly in studies in connection with irritation of airways [11,12] and are frequently associated with relevance to cleaning workers and exposure to chemicals. Suleiman and Svendsen [13] showed that glycol ethers form about 10% of the most common cleaning product components listed in safety data sheets (SDS). Gerster et al. [11] had also identified glycol ethers as among the most common components in cleaning products. Lavoué et al. [14] had earlier reported increasing use of glycol ethers as components in cleaning products. Pastor-Belda et al. [15] designed a method for successfully extracting glycol ethers from cleaning products and analysing the extracts using gas chromatography.
Disposition and metabolism of ethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether in Sprague Dawley rats, B6C3F1/N mice, and in vitro in rat hepatocytes
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
AtLee T. D. Watson, Benjamin C. Moeller, Melanie Doyle-Eisele, Edwin Garner, Chad R. Blystone, Jacob D. McDonald, Suramya Waidyanatha
Ethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether (EGEHE) belongs to a class of ethylene glycol ether (EGE) solvents used in several industrial and household products including paints, coatings and sealants, inks, bleaches and detergents, cosmetics, and personal care products (NTP 2008). Human exposure to EGEHE occurs primarily via dermal contact; however, inhalation exposure may also occur due to its volatility, although to a lesser degree. EGEHE production and use has increased in recent decades, to between 1–10 000 million pounds per year (, as it has begun to replace EGEs containing short alkyl chains (4 or less carbons) based on evidence of toxicity from animal studies and potential health concerns related to known human exposures.