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Protein as a Functional Food Ingredient for Optimizing Weight Loss and Body Composition
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Paul J. Arciero, Michael J. Ormsbee, Robert E.C. Wildman, Donald K. Layman
Amino acids within the enterocyte can be used for intestinal enzyme synthesis, for example, proteases, used for energy, or transported to portal blood for use by the rest of the body. Use of amino acids by the intestine varies greatly among amino acids. Dietary glutamine and glutamate are completely removed by the enterocyte to provide nourishment and optimal function; neither one of these amino acids, from a meal (or supplements), reaches the blood. In total, the enterocytes remove approximately 25% of dietary amino acids before they reach the blood and become available to other tissues. This is a major reason glutamine, and protein in general, are critically important for the overall health and function of the intestinal tract and immune system.
Emerging ergogenic aids for endurance activity and weight loss
Published in Jay R Hoffman, Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid suggested to be effective for antioxidant defence during situations of severe illness (1) and as a modulator of the immune response to exercise (16). Plasma glutamine levels have been shown to be lowered following prolonged exercise, which may be partly responsible for the apparent immunosuppression that occurs in distance runners (15). Studies also indicate that glutamine may promote rehydration by enhancing water and electrolyte absorption in both animal and human subjects with intestinal infections (49, 64, 73). However, it has been suggested that glutamine may not be as effective in enhancing absorption when provided as a single amino acid due to its poor stability at a low pH. When combined with the amino acid alanine, glutamine may be more stable and effective for increasing electrolyte and water absorption, likely via an improvement in ion transporters within intestinal epithelia (41).
Glutamine
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Linda M. Castell, Philip Newsholme
Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the body, has in recent years become regarded as conditionally essential rather than non-essential. Glutamine is synthesized, stored and released predominantly by skeletal muscle: it is taken up by organs including the intestine, liver, kidney, and by some key immune cells. From clinical studies, it is known that the plasma concentration of glutamine is decreased in trauma and starvation. There is considerable evidence that glutamine feeding has a beneficial effect on gut function (Castell,2003); it has had a positive effect on morbidity, mortality and some aspects of the immune system; glutamine provision has also shortened the recovery time from surgery and maintained muscle protein mass. The main source of glutamine is meat, poultry and fish.
Effect of Glutamine on Short-term Surgical Outcomes in Rectal Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy: A Propensity Score Matching Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Gang Tang, Feng Pi, Zhengqiang Wei, Xiangshu Li
Glutamine is an important energy source for normal and tumor cells (33). Studies have shown that human tumor tissue consumes glutamine at 5–10 times the rate of normal tissue, and there is growing concern that glutamine may stimulate tumor growth and thus affect the efficacy of anti-tumor therapy (34). Several studies have shown that glutamine supplementation is able to increase glutamine stores in muscle without stimulating tumor growth (34–36). Li et al. (37) found that oral administration of glutamine (1 or 2 g/kg/day) inhibited tumor growth in mice by improving the body’s immune function and activating the apoptotic pathway. In addition, none of the clinical studies (34, 38) found any adverse effects of glutamine supplementation on tumor control and survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Our study found a short-term benefit of glutamine supplementation in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. However, the relevant data on the effect of glutamine on the survival of colorectal cancer patients are currently lacking. Future studies may explore the effect of glutamine supplementation on the long-term cancer prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.
The impact of glutamine supplementation on the short-term mortality of COVID-19 diseased patients admitted to the ICU: A single-blind randomized clinical trial
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022
Omar M. Soliman, Amr M. A. Thabet, Gamal Mohamed Abudahab, Emad Zarief Kamel
There is currently no specific treatment available. The main focus is on improving respiratory functioning, especially in patients with lower respiratory tract involvement. In the early stages of the condition, supportive care appears to be the most successful therapeutic method. The condition has a greater morbidity and mortality rate, particularly in elderly patients with weakened immune systems, those with dietary deficits, and those with chronic illnesses. [3,4] Normal protein intake is insufficient to sustain recovery in COVID-19, as it is in other acute disorders, because the catabolic process is still going on. Increasing the amounts of particular amino acids that reduce acute stress, such as cysteine, arginine, and glutamine, enhances immunity in such patients [5]. These highlighted amino acids are known to influence various functions in the cell and aid recovery by acting as signal molecules and mediators on a cellular level [6]. Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid found in large quantities in the human body. It is mostly produced by skeletal muscle and makes up 30% of plasma free amino acids [7]. In times of high stress, endogenous glutamine production may not be enough to meet patients’ needs [8]. Exogenous glutamine supplementation is therefore essential in this situation to maintain normal plasma glutamine concentrations [7].
Role of Glutamine in the Management of Oral Mucositis in Patients with Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Gang Tang, Wang Huang, Linyu Zhang, Zhengqiang Wei
Safety is important for the clinical application of drugs. Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the human body, is safe for human consumption (56). It is mainly metabolized through the liver or kidney. As chemotherapy is often accompanied by hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, hyperammonemia should be considered when glutamine is supplemented at high doses (57). In a study that investigated tolerable doses of glutamine, Ward et al. (57) showed that an oral dose of 0.65 g/kg is safe in pediatric patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. In adult patients with cancer, the recommended dose of glutamine is 20–30 g/day (58). However, several studies have shown that high-dose glutamine (30–40 g/day) supplementation is well tolerated in patients with cancer (58–60), and this is consistent with the results of this study. Among the studies that we included, three (28, 30, 34) showed that no adverse reactions occur with glutamine supplementation, even in the study in which high doses, up to 30 g/day, were used. Furthermore, Peterson et al. (32) showed that glutamine supplementation is as safe as a placebo. Thus, we believe that high-dose glutamine is safe in patients with cancer. However, owing to the potential risk, glutamine supplementation is not recommended for patients with hyperammonemia or hepatic encephalopathy.