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Impact of Dietary Polyphenols on Arterial Stiffness
Published in Catherina Caballero-George, Natural Products and Cardiovascular Health, 2018
Tess De Bruyne, Lynn Roth, Harry Robberecht, Luc Pieters, Guido De Meyer, Nina Hermans
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) extract and its polyphenolic constituents punicalin, punicagalin and ellagic and gallic acid significantly suppressed AGE formation in vitro and in a mouse model (Kumagai et al., 2015). Also rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) extract exhibited antiglycation activity in vitro, which correlated to its antioxidant activity. The main compounds were geraniin and ellagic acid (Zhuang et al., 2017). Similarly, glucitol-core containing gallotannins isolated from maple (Acer) species inhibit AGEs, mediated by their antioxidant (radical trapping) potential (Ma et al., 2016).
Increasing the Sensitivity of Adipocytes and Skeletal Muscle Cells to Insulin
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Ethanol extract of Geranium thunbergii Siebold ex Lindl. & Paxton given orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg to C57BL/6J mice for 6 weeks, decreased body weight, lowered epididymal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size.187 This regimen lowered triglycerides from 88.7 to 41.2 mg/dL (normal diet: 78 mg/dL), total cholesterol from 164.8 to 140 mg/dL (normal: 106.7 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol from to 6.2 to 3.8 mg/dL (normal diet: 4.8 mg/dL).187 This regimen decreased serum leptin by 55% and increased serum adiponectin above normal fed group values.187 In adipocytes of treated animals, this extract inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fatty acid-binding protein as well as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and fatty acid synthetase.187 The principle involved here is not known. It must be recalled that Geranium thunbergii Siebold ex Lindl. contains ellagitannins such as geraniin,188 and it is reasonable to suggest that metabolites of this tannin could, at least, be involved.
Bhuiamla
Published in H.S. Puri, Rasayana, 2002
Effect on Hepatitis B virus: This study is important because a relationship between hepatoma and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection exists. Definite immune inactive properties of Phyllanthus against the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus was reported by Thygarajan et al. (1982). These authors (Thygarajan et al. 1988) observed that P. amarus clears the chronic state of the B virus. Venkateswaran et al. (1987) studied the effect of an extract of P. niruri on hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis viruses. It inhibited woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA polymerase and surface antigen expression. Jayaram et al. (1987) also confirmed anti-hepatitis B virus properties of this herb after clinical trials. The treatment was found quite safe, with no mortality, weight loss or behavioural changes. Jayram et al. (1997) treated 28 chronic cases of HBV by using P. amarus, for up to three months. Clearance was observed in 20 per cent of cases. The study proposed a dose of 500 mg of the herb three times a day for six months. Munshi (1993) found this herb a good agent for post exposure prophylaxis in neonatal duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) infection. Milne (1994) standardized the extract of P. amarus to contain 200 mg of geraniin. The results indicated that this extract had no effect on New Zealand hepatitis B carriers. Alonso et al. (1995) tried an alcohol extract of Phyllanthus spp. and the flavonoids of the herb inactivated the surface antigen in vitro in HBV. Unamder et al. (1995), after a review, concluded that the herb has some use as an anti-viral agent to treat jaundice and liver diseases. It acted as a liver tonic in the case of non-hepatitis B virus diseases. The effects on chronic infection with HBV or related viruses have generally been negative. Ott et al. (1997) observed that P. amarus suppresses hepatitis B virus by interrupting interactions between HBV enhancer I and cellular transcriptase factors. Jayaram et al. (1997) carried out clinical trials on the patients of acute viral hepatitis A, B, and non-A, and non-B. After four weeks, significant biochemical and clinical normalcy in hepatic virus A infected patients was observed. It seemed to accelerate the clearance of the majority of HBV patients. Karin (1999) isolated seven ellagitannins from P. urinaria, which had strong activity against Epstein Barr virus.
Protective Influence of Phyllanthus Muellarianus on Ciprofloxacin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
O. B. Ibitoye, N. O. Aliyu, T. O. Ajiboye
Narrow beam test is a model for assessing motor function in neurobehavioral disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (Ajiboye 2018; Allbutt and Henderson 2007). Consistent with the findings of Ilgin et al. (2015), ciprofloxacin significantly raised the narrow beam scores of rats, suggesting motor disorders. In a similar motor-deficit-monitoring model (LFSD), ciprofloxacin significantly raised LFSD scores, which supports the narrow beam score. Furthermore, sensory and motor coordination monitored using behavioral index (gait score) was significantly raised by ciprofloxacin. The increased gait score in ciprofloxacin-treated rats indicates impaired balance, which may be due to loss of motor coordination arising from loss of neurons in a specific region of the brain (Mugikura et al. 2016). This increase is in consonance with previous studies on ciprofloxacin (Ilgin et al. 2015). Coadministration of aqueous leaf extract of P. muellarianus reversed ciprofloxacin-mediated increases in these scores (narrow beam test and LFSD scores), indicating preserved motor function. Studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective activity of corilagin, furosin, geraniin, nitidine, isoquercetin, gallic acid, and phaselic acid (Mansouri et al. 2013; Subash et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2017, 2015). The presence of these compounds in the extract could have prevented ciprofloxacin-induced motor deficit and dysfunction.
Nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach: recent advances to combat pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Marjan Talebi, Eleni Kakouri, Mohsen Talebi, Petros A. Tarantilis, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Selen İlgün, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Saeed Samarghandian
Ellagitannin geraniin modulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-8. Inhibition of β-secretase, regulation of miRNA, mediation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, and prevention of Aβ fibrillation are attributed to geraniin administration [164]. Tannic acid is a plant-derived polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, radical scavenging anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, ability to inhibit BACE1 and Aβ fibrils ensured anti-AD effects of tannic acid in in vitro and in vivo models [165].
Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica)
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Gaurav Kumar, Venkateshwar Madka, Gopal Pathuri, Vishal Ganta, Chinthalapally V. Rao
An aqueous extract of P. emblica (20 μg/ml) inhibited γ-radiation-induced strand break formation by 30–83% in plasmid DNA (pBR322), as well as stopping lipid peroxide formation in rat liver microsomes. P. emblica has exhibited free radical scavenging activities against superoxide, DPPH, hydroxyl, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen, and hypochlorous acid (24–26). When various organic and aqueous extracts of P. emblica were compared, the ethyl acetate fraction, containing gallic acid, methyl gallate, corilagin, furosin, and geraniin, showed the greatest NO scavenging activity In Vitro (25). Pozharitskaya et al. (2007) separated a P. emblica extract into free gallic and ellagic acids, and emblicanins A and B using thin layer chromatography, and showed that all of the compounds scavenged DPPH radicals; emblicanin B was the best scavenger and efficiency decreased in the order of emblicanin B > emblicanin A > gallic acid > ellagic acid A > ascorbic acid (27). An aqueous extract of P. emblica (100 μg/ml) significantly modulated the basal levels of oxidative markers and enhanced antioxidant defenses in HepG2 liver cells, and another P. emblica extract scavenged superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and decreased the level of lipid hydroperoxide and reactive oxygen species in HepG2, Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA), and CeHa cells (15, 28). In mice irradiated with γ-radiation, treatment with P. emblica extract protected against radiation-induced damage to the cell membrane by lowering the elevated levels of lipid peroxides (29). P. emblica extract also showed a hepato- and renal-protective effect in rodents by decreasing the formation of lipid peroxides in response to toxic chemicals, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (30), CCl4 (11), CdCl2, and ochratoxin (18, 31).