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Medicinal Plants: Consumption, Supply Chain, Marketing, and Trade in India
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
These plants are collected from wild or from the cultivated sources apart from imported species. The main species which dominates the large and medium scale industries are Aloe, Aonla, Mentha, and Gaultheria oil, whereas, species like Tecomella undulate, Pendulum murex, Chlorophytum tuberosum, Mucuna pruriens and Amorphophallus paeonifolius mostly used in small and very small industries in larger quantities. Further, medicinal plants species like Gaultheria procumbens, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Bambusa arundinacea, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Commiphora wightii, Atropa belladonna, Salix caprea, Piper Chaba, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Onosoma bracteata, Tamarix gallica, Smilax china, Melaleuca leucadendra and Quercus infectoria are imported to cater the need of the industries. More than 53% of these identified 198 important species being collected from wild and around 40% come from cultivated source along with 7% imported species to cater the major need of the Indian herbal industries. Apart from these licensed industries, there are cottage scale manufacturing units also where raw herbal drugs are being used and sold as formulations or ‘churans’ at roadside temporary outlets, near parks and village market, and at fairs or even in front of religious places.
Molecules involved in motility regulation in Escherichia coli cells: a review
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Fazlurrahman Khan, Nazia Tabassum, Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham, Sandra Folarin Oloketuyi, Young-Mog Kim
A combination strategy may involve the combined usage of two or more antimicrobial compounds (isolated from natural sources or chemically synthesized) or the use of these antimicrobial compound(s) along with compatible delivery systems (e.g. nanomaterials) (Grassi et al. 2017; Dos Santos Ramos et al. 2018; Khan et al. 2018). The former strategy extends the spectrum of available drugs without increasing their respective concentrations or changing administration frequencies; whereas the latter increases drug permeability, circulation, shelf-life, and stability. Both of these strategies were mainly reported to attenuate biofilm formation, virulence properties, and the QS signaling system. Several combination therapy alternatives have been reported to show antibiofilm activity in E. coli cells. For instance, the combination of thymol and carvacrol at their sub-MIC levels has inhibited biofilm formation as well as the hemagglutination abilities of bacterial cells by targeting the formation of motility compartments of UPEC, including flagella, fimbriae, and pili. This combination therapy may thus be used as an effective treatment for UPEC biofilm-associated urinary tract infections (Lee et al. 2017). Another combination of natural compounds effective in inhibition of UPEC initial cell adherence and biofilm formation involves the use of propolis and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). In this combination, propolis was found to increase the antibiofilm activity of cranberry by reducing the expression of genes encoding for adhesin synthesis, flagellar assembly, and exopolysaccharide production and upregulation of stress responses and iron uptake and metabolism (Ranfaing et al. 2018). As mentioned above, the combination strategy may also involve the use of nanomaterials as delivery systems for antibiofilm or antimotility compounds. For example, eugenol and methyl salicylate nanoemulsions extracted from Gaultheria fragrantissima cell wall were loaded onto hydrogels with enhanced surface area and hydrophilicity, and significantly suppressed the fimbriae and curli gene expression and production of lipopolysaccharide and toxins in E. coli O157:H7. These compounds thus inhibited bacterial biofilm formation and decreased virulence (Prateeksha et al. 2019). Similarly, loading of eugenol and clove oil onto a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) surface also inhibited biofilm formation and virulence in E. coli O157:H7. Swarming was also reduced by the downregulated expression of curli and fimbriae genes (Kim et al. 2016).