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Garcinia indica (Kokum) and Ilex aquifolium (European Holly)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Dicson Sheeja Malar, Mani Iyer Prasanth, Tewin Tencomnao, James Michael Brimson, Anchalee Prasansuklab
Garcinia indica (Indian mangosteen; Kokum), a native plant of India, is a slow-growing tree with horizontal, drooping branches and grows up to 15 m height, and it belongs to the Guttiferae family. The leaves or oval or elliptical with a length of 5–10 cm and dark green in color. The hermaphroditic or gynodioecious flowers are fleshy and dark pink, which may be solitary or clusters containing 4 sepals and petals. The fruits are round or oval, which occurs as green when raw and turns red or purple when fully ripe (Figure 22.1A). The fruits with whitish pulp are sour to taste containing 3–8 seeds, which accounts for one-quarter of the fruit weight (Janick and Paull, 2008; Nayak et al., 2010a; Baliga et al., 2011; Khare, 2011; Ananthakrishnan and Rameshkumar, 2016).
Functional Foods
Published in Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi, Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
Kamesh Venkatakrishnan, Chin-Kun Wang
Garcinia plant genus belongs to Clusiaceae family, which includes Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica Garcinia mangosteen and has been used a flavoring agent for many years in Asia. Garcinia contains a significant amount of Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which is highly recommended to lose excessive fat (anti-obesity). HCA is reported to enhance fat oxidation (β-oxidation) by reducing cytosolic malonyl-CoA (Semwal et al., 2015). A clinical trial has proved that HCA supplementation could mitigate the de-novo lipogenesis process and thus decrease the lipid profile (Westernterp-Plantenga and Kovacs, 2002). HCA has been recognized for its ergogenic property owing to its lipolysis or fat oxidation activity (glycogen sparing property) and thus improve the endurance capacity in athletes. Lim and his co-workers (2002) demonstrated that intake of HCA would lead to a marked decrease in RQ and energy expenditure during moderate exercise. Similarly, another study also showed that ingestion of HCA in athletes can significantly improve the fat oxidation and thus reduce RQ with increased VO2 max level (Tomita et al., 2003). However, more studies are required to confirm or support the ergogenic property of HCA on endurance athletes.
Nutrigenomics in Parkinson’s disease: diversity of modulatory actions of polyphenols on epigenetic effects induced by toxins
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Moara Rodrigues-Costa, Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema-Santos, Lílian Vanessa da Penha Gonçalves, Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
Garcinol (1S,3E,5R,7R)-3-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-hydroxymethylidene]-6,6-dimethyl-5,7-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1-[(2S)-5-methyl-2-prop-1-en-2-ylhex-4-enyl]bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4,9-trione is a polyphenol (polyisoprenylated benzophenone) extracted from the rind of the Garcinia indica fruit, found extensively in tropical regions. It is a yellow crystalline compound, structurally similar to curcumin, and has been also investigated for its potential epigenetic changes and neuroprotective role in PD as a potent HAT inhibitor.110–112 Evidence from in vitro PD models has shown that garcinol treatment was able to down-regulate histone H3K9 acetylation caused by MPP+ in SH-SY5Y cells, emerging as a potential and natural pharmaepigenomic counter to the aberrant acetylation observed in PD patients.46 Garcinol and other natural HAT inhibitors discussed above, such as curcumin and AAs, are able to reduce parkinsonian dyskinesia in 6-OHDA-injured PD model animals treated with L-DOPA.15 Computer tools have been used to show that treatment with garcinol is able to improve bioavailability and reduce side effects of prolonged treatment with L-DOPA (Figure 3).110
Opposite Effects of Garcinol on Tumor Energy Metabolism in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Guilian Zhang, Jie Fu, Ying Su, Xinyan Zhang
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, is extracted from the dried fruit rind of Garcinia indica, which has traditionally been extensively used to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases in India and Southeast Asia (1). The chemical structure of garcinol contains a β-diketone moiety and phenolic hydroxyl groups, similar to antioxidant curcumin (2). Many studies revealed that garcinol has multiple biological activities, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, histone acetyl transferase p300 inhibitor, and anticancer activity as well (3–8). Our previous research revealed the antiacute inflammation activity and chemopreventive effects of garcinol through inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase in a DMBA-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis model (9). Further computer modeling and garcinol structure–activities relationship studies revealed that 13,14-dihydroxy groups and C8 side chain are the key functional groups of garcinol for its anticancer effects (10, 11).