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Allopathic Medicines
Published in Varma H. Rambaran, Nalini K. Singh, Alternative Medicines for Diabetes Management, 2023
Varma H. Rambaran, Nalini K. Singh
Biguanides, as exemplified by one of its more popular members metformin (Figure 2.1), refer to the family of insulin-enhancing drugs with the general formula: HN(C(NH)NH2)2. In the early 1920s, guanidine was found to be the active component of the plant Galega officinalis Linn. The isolate was reported to exhibit remarkable hypoglycaemic activity and was later used as the lead drug in the synthesis of several antidiabetic compounds (Rena, Hardie and Pearson 2017, Bailey, Biguanides and NIDDM 1992).Structure of metformin.
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Many pharmaceuticals commonly used today are structurally derived from the natural compounds that are found in traditional medicinal plants (El-Tantawy and Temraz, 2017). For example, the antihyperglycemic drug metformin can be traced to use of Galega officinalis traditionally to treat diabetes (Bailey, 2017). There are numerous preclinical studies in animal models of the anti-diabetic properties of herbs like sage, basil, bay leaf, dill, coriander, cumin and fennel (Bower et al., 2016). Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) has diverse varieties and is native to coastal Mediterranean areas. It grows in many regions in Asia, Europe, and America. Its extract is reported to be rich with rosmarinic acid (Neveu et al., 2010).
Role of Natural Agents in the Management of Diabetes
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Monika Elżbieta Jach, Anna Serefko
Galega officinalis is a leguminous plant, which aerial parts have long been used in traditional and folk medicine to treat diabetes in Chile, Japan as well as Europe (Bailey and Day, 2004; Gunn and Farnsworth, 2013; Rios et al., 2015). This herb consists of two nitrogen guanidine constituents: galegin (syn. galegine) as isoamylene guanidine and hydroxygalegine prevalent in all parts during flowering and forming fruits. These bioactive substances possess pharmacological features as hypoglycemic and galactogenic factors. However, guanidine is excessively toxic for clinical treat; hence, the study focused on galegine, which turned out to be less toxic as an extract of G. officinalis. In the 1920s, the extract was specified as an antidiabetic formulation (Bailey and Day, 2004; Martínez-Larrañaga and Martínez, 2018).
Metformin combats obesity by targeting FTO in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Xing Liao, Jiaqi Liu, Yushi Chen, Youhua Liu, Wei Chen, Botao Zeng, Yuxi Liu, Yaojun Luo, Chaoqun Huang, Guanqun Guo, Yizhen Wang, Xinxia Wang
Recently, more and more studies demonstrated that metformin, first discovered due to the usage of Galega officinalis as an herbal medicine in medieval Europe [5], owned the anti-obesity functions except for its antihyperglycemic properties [6–8]. For instance, it was reported that metformin could lower body weight in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice by upregulating circulation of growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) [9] and ameliorate obesity-related inflammation by modulating macrophage polarisation to M2 phenotype [10]. While in 3T3-L1 cells, metformin was shown to inhibit adipogenesis by activating adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activate protein kinase (AMPK) [11], lowering gene expressions of Cebpa and Fabp4 [12] and enhancing the anti-adipogenic effects of atorvastatin via regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcriptional (STAT) 3 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Smad3 pathway [13]. However, the underlying mechanisms of metformin’s anti-obesity effect were not comprehensively elucidated.
Cytogenetic effects of antidiabetic drug metformin
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Deniz Yuzbasioglu, Jalank H. Mahmoud, Sevcan Mamur, Fatma Unal
Antidiabetic drugs are considerable groups of medications used all over the world (Tokajuk et al.2015). Metformin (MET) (dimethybiguanide) is commonly used as an oral antidiabetic drug for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2 DM) (Najafi et al.2018, Cheki et al.2019). MET is often prescribed as an initial and combination therapy (Nathan et al.2009). It is a biguanide derived from Galega officinalis (Najafi et al.2018), and it has been used as a glucose-lowering agent since 1957 (Rojas and Gomes 2013). This hypoglycemic drug was first investigated by Jean Sterne (Schafer 1983). MET does not have a direct effect on pancreatic β cells and insulin secretion; it only affects the alteration of plasma glucose levels, and therefore, it can be used as an antihyperglycemic (Lebovitz 2005). In 1994, the Food and Drug Administration approved MET for the treatment of type 2 DM (Yang et al.2017). Besides, MET was approved by the American Diabetes Association and European Association of the Study of Diabetes for the initial treatment of T2 DM due to its safety profile, cardiovascular protection effect, and its low price (Brunton 2011, Inzucchi et al.2012, Zhou et al.2018).
Effects of testicular sperm aspiration upon first cycle ICSI-ET for type 2 diabetic male patients
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
Xiang Liu, Ming Gao, Jianhua Sun, Zheng Sun, Juan Song, Xia Xue, Zhou Zhang, Juanzi Shi, Junping Xing
Drugs are a common method of treating diabetes. Metformin is a biguanide compound isolated from Galega officinalis. It promotes the uptake of glucose by peripheral tissues and delays the absorption of glucose in the intestine, thereby reducing blood sugar. However, there is no consensus on whether metformin can improve or reduce male reproductive function. Some researchers found that sperm density and vitality could be improved after a 6-month study of metformin in the treatment of metabolic syndrome in patients with oligo-terato-male azoospermia (Morgante et al. 2011). In addition, it has also been reported that the normal sperm morphology of men with hyperinsulinemia can be improved after 3 months of metformin treatment (Bosman et al. 2014). However, other research provides an opposite conclusion that metformin not only does not improve sperm quality but also reduces sperm motility and even interferes with the normal testicular physiological process, resulting in spermatogenesis failure and obvious histological changes (Adaramoye et al. 2012; Tartarin et al. 2012; Calle-Guisado et al. 2018). Calle-Guisado et al. (2018) consider that the reason for drawing the opposite conclusion is due to the differences in the research methods and testing instruments. Obviously, the safety of diabetic drugs on male reproductive capacity needs further research. Standardizing the research population, refining the dosage of drugs, unifying the medication methods and evaluation methods can help draw more reliable conclusions.