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Conceptual Foundations in Forensic Science and the Position of Crime Scene Investigation
Published in Paul T. Jayaprakash, Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, 2023
The assortment of cases described in this book should make it obvious that the knowledge base required for interpreting the observations in such types of cases should also be equally diverse. Specialization is likely to limit the application of science to specific fields. A forensic chemist specialized in analyzing drugs may not have enough self-confidence to observe and interpret bloodstain patterns in a crime scene the same way a biologist specialized in DNA forensics may not be adept to record and interpret fire scene patterns. Contrarily, investigation in the field requires a generalist to dispense scientific assistance on matters relating to any area of forensic science that would vary in accordance with the particular circumstances of the crime concerned. The science desired for crime scene investigation is general and broad, roughly conforming to the definition by Siepmann (1998) as the study which attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part.
Effects of body weight, smoking status, and sex on plasma concentrations of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Georgios Schoretsanitis, Ekkehard Haen, Daria Piacentino, Andreas Conca, Katharina Endres, Christoph Hiemke, Gerhard Gründer, Michael Paulzen
Acquired plasma samples reflect trough levels at steady state conditions (right before scheduled PP1M injection). A high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) [46] was used; the method was previously validated according to DIN 32645 (Deutsche Industrie Norm 32,645; Guidelines of GTFCh (German Society of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry) in consideration of ISO 5725 (International Organization for Standardization) [47], U.S. FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) guidance [48] and ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) requirements. The laboratory runs regular internal quality controls and participates in external quality assessment schemes performed by INSTAND (Düsseldorf, Germany, www.instandev.de). The limit of detection, defined as signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1, was 0.5 ng/mL, whereas the lower quantification limit was 1 ng/mL. We defined the interday imprecision as duplicates on three different days at 1 ng/mL and ranging between 5.2% and 5.6% of the mean.
Neighbourhood characteristics associated with child pedestrian fatalities in Johannesburg, South Africa
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2020
Samed Bulbulia, Ashley Van Niekerk, Lu-Anne Swart, Mohamed Seedat
The dependent variables were extracted from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS). The NIMSS, a public resource that provides epidemiological data on injury mortality in South Africa, is coordinated by the South African Medical Research Council-University of South Africa’s Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit (VIPRU), with support from state medico-legal and forensic chemistry services and the Department of Health. According to the Inquest Act (No. 58 of 1959), all non-natural deaths in South Africa must be reported to the police and are subject to a medico-legal investigation. Each non-natural death that enters the forensic medico-legal system requires the investigating forensic pathologists or forensic officer to complete a single data form for the NIMSS that records 21 items of information including the demographics of the victim (age, sex and population group), time of death, scene and place (province, town, and suburb), external cause and apparent manner of death (homicide, suicide, accidental, undetermined) (Donson, 2008; Suffla et al., 2008). The NIMSS’s classification of the external cause of death is based on the WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10). Establishing the final manner of death involves a lengthy process; it is determined after lengthy police investigations and court proceedings lasting perhaps two to five years. The NIMSS, therefore, records the apparent manner of death as determined by the medical practitioner and used for research purposes only (Burrows, 2005).
Biochemical markers of time since death in cerebrospinal fluid: A first step towards “Forensomics”
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2019
Pierre-Antoine Peyron, Sylvain Lehmann, Constance Delaby, Eric Baccino, Christophe Hirtz
Postmortem chemistry, also called thanatochemistry, has been introduced in forensic medicine to assist in more precise estimation of the TSD [2] and in providing useful information regarding the cause of death [8,10,11]. Coe [5] defined forensic chemistry as “one of the more important ancillary procedures for the forensic pathologist.” As a result of significant improvements in biochemical techniques, current methods are now able to provide precise, reliable and rapid results as required by the forensic community [2]. Numerous studies have been conducted considering postmortem chemical changes in a wide variety of biological fluids, including blood, vitreous humor (VH), urine, CSF, as well as pericardial and synovial fluids [6,7,10,11]. Some of these changes are due to autolysis (process of cell self-digestion from the activity of endogenous enzymes), while others result from metabolic processes, since the metabolic activities continue in the tissues for a variable duration after death [6,7].