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The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Data on penetration characteristics for these wettable powder fungicides through gloves were identified for benomyl, captan, chlorothalonil, and folpet.33–36 Based on breakthrough times, Sol-Vex Nitrile gloves provided at least 4 h of protection against benomyl (tested as a concentrated emulsion), whereas a thinner disposable nitrile glove provided less than 4 h of protection.35 The breakthrough times for Sol-Vex and a disposable nitrile glove were less than 4 h for folpet (as a concentrated emulsion), but similarly, the permeation rate was significantly lower for the thicker Sol-Vex product.36 Similar results were observed for chlorothalonil (tested as a solid and emulsion), in which Sol-Vex provided additional protection.34 The breakthrough time for a disposable nitrile glove was less than 2 h for captan (as a concentrated emulsion).33 Thus, nitrile gloves have been shown to provide a limited level of protection against these fungicides, with the thicker Sol-Vex gloves providing additional chemical resistance to breakthrough and permeation. Given the low breakthrough times, irrespectively of glove type, gloves should be replaced every 2 h or whenever contaminated.
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Captan and folpet are broad-spectrum protectant fungicides with low acute oral and dermal toxicity (LD50 = −5 g/kg); however, they are potent eye irritants. Both compounds, as well as their common metabolite thiophosgene, are mutagenic in in vitro tests, though in vivo mutagenicity tests are mostly negative (115). These compounds also induce the development of duodenal tumors in mice and were initially classified by the USEPA as probable human carcinogens (Category B2). However, the USEPA later changed the classification of captan to “not likely to be a human carcinogen when used according to label directions” (116). The margin of exposure for captan and folpet is −1,000,000, suggesting that neither should pose a cancer risk for humans. Re-entry intervals for farm workers are now based on the potential for eye irritation (117). Their structural similarity to the potent teratogen thalidomide raised concerns for potential teratogenicity, but no evidence of teratogenicity has been found (118).
An adverse outcome pathway for small intestinal tumors in mice involving chronic cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia: a case study with hexavalent chromium, captan, and folpet
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Virunya S. Bhat, Samuel M. Cohen, Elliot B. Gordon, Charles E. Wood, John M. Cullen, Mark A. Harris, Deborah M. Proctor, Chad M. Thompson
A cytotoxicity-mediated MOA for SI tumors in mice has clear precedent. Captan and the structurally similar fungicide folpet induce SI tumors in mice and have been hypothesized to cause these tumors through sustained damage to SI villi resulting in chronic epithelial hyperplasia within intestinal crypts (Gordon 2007; Cohen et al. 2010). The U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, for example, determined that captan is “not likely to be a human carcinogen at dose levels that do not cause cytotoxicity and regenerative cell hyperplasia” (U.S. EPA 2004) and that folpet is “not likely to be carcinogenic to humans at doses that do not cause an irritation response in the mucosal epithelium” (U.S. EPA 2012). Further, a series of studies have compared the SI effects of Cr(VI) and captan/folpet and concluded that they share many phenotypic responses despite having different chemical structures (Thompson, Suh, et al. 2017; Thompson, Wolf, et al. 2017; Chappell et al. 2019). This work suggests that these compounds have similar MOAs and provides a well-developed data set supporting a cytotoxicity-mediated adverse outcome pathway (AOP), as described herein.