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Improved Production and Postharvest Technologies in Ashwagandha (Indian Ginseng)
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
There is no major pest and disease for this crop. However, Spodoptera litura were noticed in winter (Rabi) season and the occurrence was below Economic threshold level so it can be considered negligible. The major disease observed in Ashwagandha crops are seed rotting, seedling blight, leaf blight and powdery mildew. Some farmers are using captan (3 g/kg of seed) during seed treatment and followed to spray with Dithane M-45 at the rate of 3 g per liter of water to fungal diseases (Seedling rot and powdery mildew). Ashwagandha crop is highly sensitive to waterlogging condition and susceptible to root rot, when the conditions of high temperature and humidity prevail, this becomes serious concern to farmer. No awareness was given to farmers in order to control seedling rot diseases However, it can be controlled by effective seed treatment or application of Trichoderma before sowing will reduce the incidence. Recently, incidence of cuscuta parasitic weed is a major threat in Ashwagandha crop. Due to this nearly 50-60% of the yield will be declined. Owing to monocropping of Ashwagandha crop rather rotation with another crop will enhance the occurrence of this infestation. By giving training and creating awareness on incidence and control measures, the farmers will overcome from above problems.
The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
The selection of a glove material that provides a longer breakthrough time and lower permeation rate for the pesticide of concern is important. However, recent studies have shown significant inter-variability between gloves made of the same material but from different producers. One study found breakthrough times ranging from about 30 min up to 7 h for a captan (fungicide) formulation through various disposable nitrile gloves.41 The permeation rate also varied by as much as 200-fold. Later studies with common solvents showed similar results.42–44 All four of these aforementioned studies attributed variation in glove formulation (e.g., acrylonitrile content, plasticizer content, etc.) and/or thickness to these observed differences in chemical resistance. Thus, when critical, selection should be based on available chemical permeation data, instead of generic chemical resistance charts.
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Captan and folpet are broad-spectrum protectant fungicides with low acute oral and dermal toxicity (LD50 = −5 g/kg); however, they are potent eye irritants. Both compounds, as well as their common metabolite thiophosgene, are mutagenic in in vitro tests, though in vivo mutagenicity tests are mostly negative (115). These compounds also induce the development of duodenal tumors in mice and were initially classified by the USEPA as probable human carcinogens (Category B2). However, the USEPA later changed the classification of captan to “not likely to be a human carcinogen when used according to label directions” (116). The margin of exposure for captan and folpet is −1,000,000, suggesting that neither should pose a cancer risk for humans. Re-entry intervals for farm workers are now based on the potential for eye irritation (117). Their structural similarity to the potent teratogen thalidomide raised concerns for potential teratogenicity, but no evidence of teratogenicity has been found (118).
An adverse outcome pathway for small intestinal tumors in mice involving chronic cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia: a case study with hexavalent chromium, captan, and folpet
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Virunya S. Bhat, Samuel M. Cohen, Elliot B. Gordon, Charles E. Wood, John M. Cullen, Mark A. Harris, Deborah M. Proctor, Chad M. Thompson
A cytotoxicity-mediated MOA for SI tumors in mice has clear precedent. Captan and the structurally similar fungicide folpet induce SI tumors in mice and have been hypothesized to cause these tumors through sustained damage to SI villi resulting in chronic epithelial hyperplasia within intestinal crypts (Gordon 2007; Cohen et al. 2010). The U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, for example, determined that captan is “not likely to be a human carcinogen at dose levels that do not cause cytotoxicity and regenerative cell hyperplasia” (U.S. EPA 2004) and that folpet is “not likely to be carcinogenic to humans at doses that do not cause an irritation response in the mucosal epithelium” (U.S. EPA 2012). Further, a series of studies have compared the SI effects of Cr(VI) and captan/folpet and concluded that they share many phenotypic responses despite having different chemical structures (Thompson, Suh, et al. 2017; Thompson, Wolf, et al. 2017; Chappell et al. 2019). This work suggests that these compounds have similar MOAs and provides a well-developed data set supporting a cytotoxicity-mediated adverse outcome pathway (AOP), as described herein.