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Ocular Irritation Testing
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
George P. Daston, F. E. Freeberg
The use of fluorescein to detect small corneal lesions is recommended but not required by FHSA. One drop of sodium fluorescein (fluorescein sodium ophthalmic solution USP or equivalent) is dropped directly on the cornea, which is then rinsed with isotonic saline. Injured areas of the cornea retain more fluorescein, and appear yellow under blue or long wavelength UV illumination. Plate 3 depicts examples of corneal lesions stained with fluorescein.
Lung Microcirculation
Published in John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger, Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Andrew M. Roberts, Dick W. Slaaf
Others8,41,42,44,45 have used fluorescence video microscopy to measure arterial or pulmonary capillary transit times through the subpleural microcirculation and to examine effects of variables such as gravity, airway pressure, lung inflation, and blood flow. Basically, this technique consists of injecting a bolus of fluorescent dye such as a fluorescein sodium solution and measuring the time for the dye to pass from arterioles to venules. An appropriate light source, filters, light-sensitive camera, and recording apparatus is required. Fluorescence microscopy has also been used to directly measure the transit of individual fluorescently labeled neutrophils through the pulmonary microcirculation and effects of hemodynamic changes on their sequestration.26,27 Neutrophil transit times were compared to the rate of blood flow (plasma transit time) through the microvessels by determining the transit time of fluorescently labeled dextran. When used in conjunction with bright field illumination, microvascular networks can be examined and recorded with conventional video microscopy, thus combining analysis of flow patterns with morphology. Fluorescently labeled red blood cells have also been used to visualize blood flow and to measure red blood cell velocities and other microhemodynamic variables in pulmonary microvascular networks.23–25 By injecting fluorescently labeled (fluorescein isothiocyanate) albumin and rhodamine dye (a fluorescent marker with a different molecular weight and excitation wavelength), it is also possible to use digital image analysis to examine the progression of macromolecular leakage of different-sized molecules from the pulmonary microcirculation into the alveoli.11 As with other fluorescence methods, it is also possible to assess internal vascular diameters.
Ophthalmic Emergencies
Published in Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan, Emergency Medicine, 2020
Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan
The following preparations are referred to in the text: Antibiotic drops: 0.5% chloramphenicol solution, two drops every 2–3 h.Antibiotic ointment: 1% chloramphenicol ointment, one application to the lower lid conjunctival sac every 4 h, or at night (if drops are used during the day).Local anaesthetic: 1% amethocaine (tetracaine) solution or 0.4% oxybuprocaine solution, one or more drops as required. – The patient must then wear a protective eye pad for 1–2 h until corneal sensitivity returns– Never allow the patient to take the drops home.Fluorescein corneal stain: fluorescein sodium strips, or 2% fluorescein solution (do not use with soft contact lenses).Short-acting mydriatic and cycloplegic dilating drops to examine the fundus: 1% tropicamide, two drops repeated after 15 minutes if necessary (do not use in patients with narrow anterior chambers to avoid precipitating glaucoma).Cycloplegic to paralyse the ciliary body: 1% cyclopentolate two drops lasts 6–24 h, or 2% homatropine two drops can last from 8–12 h to 1–2 days.Miotic to constrict the pupil or reverse a mydriatic: 2% pilocarpine one or two drops.
Poloxamer sols endowed with in-situ gelability and mucoadhesion by adding hypromellose and hyaluronan for prolonging corneal retention and drug delivery
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ling-Chun Chen, Shyr-Yi Lin, Wei-Jie Cheng, Ming-Thau Sheu, Chi-Yun Chung, Chen-Hsuan Hsu, Hong-Liang Lin
Animal studies were approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Kaohsiung Medical University and complied with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care. The ethical committee approval number for animal studies is IACUC 110046. New Zealand albino rabbits (weight: 2.0 to 3.0 kg) were purchased from Livestock Research Institute (Tainan, Taiwan). The in vivo precorneal residence study was conducted as described previously (Al Khateb et al., 2016). Rabbits were placed in standard cages and provided ad libitum access to food and water. The rabbits were placed in restraining boxes, and we ensured that they could blink without any restrictions. The formulations containing fluorescein sodium (70 mL at 1 mg/mL) were instilled on the rabbit’s ocular surface. The tear fluid was carefully collected from the lower part of the rabbit’s eye surface with cotton buds at predominant time intervals (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min). The cotton buds were placed in 1 mL of 90% methanol solution for 24 h to extract testosterone. After centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 10 min, the extract was analyzed through HPLC. Photos were obtained using the camera of the cellphone, which was fixed on the tripod to ensure that the area of the same cornea among different photos was duplicated. Weak UV light from an ultraviolet torch was used to improve the detection of fluorescein sodium in formulations. Similar to the ex vivo precorneal residence study, all photos were analyzed and the subsequent coverage was measured using the ‘Analyze Particles’ function built in ImageJ (Version 1.8.0). Data are reported as the mean ± SD (n = 4).
Differentiating primary dry eye disease from ocular neuropathic pain: implications for symptom management
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Mark T Forristal, Kirk A J Stephenson
Dry eye type was categorised by clinical examination with one drop of topical Minims fluorescein 2% (Bausch & Lomb) applied to the superior bulbar conjunctiva, assessing tear meniscus height (TMH) and tear break up time (TBUT) in addition to assessment of the lid margin and Meibomian glands. Fluorescein staining, bulbar redness and meibomian gland dysfunction was evaluated using an Efron Grading Scales. Patients with TBUT <5 seconds with >0.2 mm TMH with evidence of MG obstruction were categorised as evaporative DED, while patients with TMH <0.2 mm with TBUT >5 seconds and no significant MG obstruction were categorised as aqueous deficiency DED, while patients with TBUT <5 seconds with TMH <0.2 mm with or without MG obstruction were categorised as mixed DED. Topical fluorescein sodium 0.5% was instilled into the inferior conjunctival fornices of both eyes (1 drop per eye) and findings were recorded after a period of 20 seconds post instillation. Anterior segment examination was conducted at a slit lamp (Haag-Streit, UK) using a halogen bulb and subsequently with a cobalt blue filter. Conjunctival and corneal findings, such as lid parallel conjunctival folds and superficial punctate epithelial erosions, were documented. The patient’s current DED therapeutic regimen was recorded to determine impact on symptoms/signs. Fluorescein staining was carried out on both eyes for all patients to assess whether their clinical signs matched their symptoms of dry eye.
Hexagonal liquid crystalline system containing cinnamaldehyde for enhancement of skin permeation of sinomenine hydrochloride
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Jingbao Chen, Wu Long, Baoqi Dong, Wenxuan Cao, Xu Yuhang, Yun Meng, Chu Xiaoqin
PT (3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol, purity > 95.0%) was acquired from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). SH (purity > 98.0%) was purchased from Sichuan Puccio Standard Material Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). CA (purity > 98.0%) was obtained from Xiamen Jiruikang Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Xiamen, China). Triglyceride (TAG, purity > 99.0%) was bought from Chengdu Refinside Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Fluorescein sodium was offered by Shanghai Jizhi Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). A dialysis bag (molecular weight cutoff: 8000–1200 Da) was brought from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Purified water in the whole experiment was prepared by the Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, USA). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical purity or higher in the study.