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Surgical Facilities, Peri-Operative Care, Anesthesia, and Surgical Techniques
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Alison C. Smith, M. Michael Swindle
Other agents such as detomidine, etomidate and alpha chloralose are generally not reliable for general anesthesia in most species.14-16 They may be indicated as part of a general anesthetic protocol in special circumstances. The combination agent fentanyl/fluanisone (Hypnorm) is commonly used in rodents.11
Anesthesia of Laboratory Rats
Published in Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Manual of Stroke Models in Rats, 2008
Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Lee Koetzner
Fentanyl is a short-acting narcotic analgesic. Fluanisone is a butyrophenone tranquilizer used as an antianxiety agent. Their combination contains 0.3 mg fentanyl citrate and 10 mg fluanisone per milliliter.
Digital Subtracted Angiography of Small Animals
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Stavros Spiliopoulos, George C. Kagadis, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, G. Allan Johnson, Cristian Badea
Small animal DSA imaging is performed under anesthesia, which is of utmost importance for optimal image acquisition. Compulsory fasting is not required prior to anesthesia, as rodents do not possess a vomiting reflex. Premedication (administration of drugs prior to anesthesia) with anticholinergic drugs can be used to maintain the heart rate and decrease gut motility, while tranquilizers can relieve anxiety, create calmness, and reduce the dose of the anesthetic required. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., carprofen) can be given to provide longer-term pain relief (up to 24 h), especially in cases of minor surgery (Tremoleda et al. 2012). Both injectable and inhaled anesthetics can be used in rodents. Inhalation anesthesia is considered the method of choice for imaging protocols in laboratory rodents. Highly volatile agents such as halothane and isoflurane can be administered to the animals using a carrier gas (usually oxygen) through a breathing circuit with an integrated vaporizer that permits the regulation of concentration and flow. The suggested flow rate for small animals is 0.5–1.5 L/min. Isoflurane is the preferred general anesthetic agent for cardiovascular studies, because it causes less cardiac function depression than injectable agents. Nonetheless, isoflurane demonstrates an inhibitory effect on peripheral resistance, and therefore decreases blood pressure (Kersten et al. 1996). Injectable agents include fentanyl/fluanisone- and ketamine-based combinations. Usually, the intraperitoneal infusion of xylazine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg body weight) and ketamine (100 mg/kg body weight) produces safe anesthesia with good analgesic and light sedative effect. Fentanyl/fluanisone in combination with benzodiazepine (midazolam or diazepam) is also licensed for surgical anaesthesia in rodents. The combination of ketamine with midazolam can also be used to provide 20–30 min of light anaesthesia in rodents. Supplemental doses of both the aforementioned anesthetic regimens or intermittent intravenous administration of low propofol doses are usually necessary to maintain a uniform level of anesthesia in cases of prolonged imaging. Other injectable agents that that can be used are alfaxalone and tribromoethanol. Optimal imaging requires not only selecting the appropriate anaesthetic regimen, but also using monitoring systems during image acquisition. Monitoring systems are especially important for longitudinal protocols of repeated anesthesia where the exposure of ionizing radiation and the repeated use of contrast agents and anesthetic drugs can have consequences on the animal’s physiology and its response to anesthesia. Pulse oximetry provides a simple method to measure oxygen saturation levels, and thus monitor anesthesia. Additionally, the investigator should maintain direct visual contact and access to the animal during imaging to assess basic parameters such as the depth and character of respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature. A thermoregulated surgical table is useful for maintaining steady body temperature.
Comparison between stromal vascular fraction and adipose derived stem cells in a mouse lymphedema model
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2020
Amar Bucan, Pratibha Dhumale, Mads Gustaf Jørgensen, Farima Dalaei, Alexander Wiinholt, Christian Rønn Hansen, Svend Hvidsten, Christina Baun, Eva Kildall Hejbøl, Henrik Daa Schrøder, Jens Ahm Sørensen
All animals were anesthetized with a subcutaneous injection of Hypnorm (fentanyl 788 μg/kg; fluanisone 25 mg/kg) and Dormicum (midazolam 12.5 mg/kg). The establishment of lymphedema was conducted in three separate procedures. Radiation before and after surgery, and surgery itself [13]. Three surgeons (AB, FD, AW) operated all animals. Prior training preceding the experiment ensured that all surgeons had a similar experience. Two of the three surgeons conducted a pilot study and found similar results as our previous study [13] (data not shown). During treatment, the mice were anaesthetized with a mixture of 1.5–2% isoflurane and 100% oxygen.
Validation of a new rat model of urethral sphincter injury and leak point pressure measurements
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2021
Abdelkhalek Samy Abdelkhalek, Patrick D. Clarke, Matthew A. Sommers, Tyler Oe, Thomas M. Andersen, Chrissie T. Andersen, Eva Kildall Hejbøl, Henrik Daa Schrøder, Peter Zvara
Cannon and Damaser [11] had examined the effect of KX on the MP by comparing the values between awake cystometry and cystometry under urethane. They concluded that KX has no effect on MP. Their study used the Credé maneuver to induce urine leak, which could be considered a less accurate method for the measurement of LPP, due to urethral kinking [26]. When examining the use of KX, we started by determining the minimum sedation dose necessary for cystometry. We found that 60 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg of ketamine and xylazine respectively, representing approximately half of the dose recommended for surgery, was the lowest possible dose. This type of anesthesia preserved reflex micturition and allowed for the measurement of LPP in all cases. No statistically significant difference in MP and LPP was observed between isoflurane (the subgroup with preserved reflex micturition) and KX. This could have been due to the high variability in the isoflurane group. Fentanyl-fluanisone-midazolam is a preferred combination of anesthetic for surgery. When used for minor procedures (e.g. tail vein injection), it provides sufficient sedation and analgesia at a dose of 80 µg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg and 1.25 mg/kg respectively, which represents one third of that recommended for surgical anesthesia. The benzodiazepine, midazolam, is a muscle relaxant which, even at this significantly reduced dose, eliminated reflex bladder contractions resulting in continuous leak at a low intravesical pressure. In a rat study, Ceran et al. documented that midazolam caused a reduction in detrusor contractility in vitro [27]. Midazolam is, however, also a spinal cord-mediated skeletal muscle relaxant [28]. Therefore, urethral sphincter relaxation is likely the main reason for continuous leakage of urine at low intravesical pressures.
Pre-conceptional exposure to multiwalled carbon nanotubes suppresses antibody production in mouse offspring
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Jitka S. Hansen, Thomas S. Rosengren, Hannah K. L. Johansson, Kenneth K. Barfod, Søren T. Larsen, Jorid B. Sørli, Émilie da Silva, Ulla Vogel, Karin S. Hougaard
Ovalbumin (OVA, grade V) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany and the Al(OH)3 adjuvant was from Alhydrogel, Brenntag Biosector, Denmark. Four % isoflurane was used as inhalation anesthesia. Hypnorm (fentanyl citrate 0.315 mg/mL and fluanisone 10 mg/mL from Janssen Pharma, Belgium) and Dormicum (midazolam 5 mg/mL from Roche, Switzerland) were used during the terminal procedures of heart blood, BALF and organ collection, each diluted 1:1 in water and mixed prior to subcutaneous injection of a volume of 125 μL per mouse.