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Application of Bioresponsive Polymers in Drug Delivery
Published in Deepa H. Patel, Bioresponsive Polymers, 2020
Manisha Lalan, Deepti Jani, Pratiksha Trivedi, Deepa H. Patel
Not only synthetic but natural polymers have also been used in designing stimuli responsive nasal drug delivery systems. Basu et al. [62] assessed the efficiency of natural mucoadhesive polymer extracted from F. carica, compared to synthetic congeners (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and Carbopol 934) in delivery of midazolam. Xyloglucans is one such group of thermoresponsive biopolymers which can be exploited in formulating in situ gels. Studies by Mahajan et al. investigated the utility of xyloglucans in delivery of ondansetron hydrochloride. Such systems increase the residence time and permit near complete drug absorption as was observed in ex vivo studies [63]. CS is a natural polymer obtained by N-deacetylation of chitin was integrated into a thermo-reversible gel of Poloxamer 407, hydroxypropyl-bcyclodextrin (Hp-b-CD) and fexofenadine hydrochloride. Drug permeation enhancement was observed in cell monolyers and it translated to 18 fold higher bioavailability in rabbit model [64, 65].
Drug Therapy in Rhinology
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
These can be used orally and as a nasal spray. Clinical experience suggests that they reduce rhinorrhoea, sneezing and itching, but have little effect on nasal obstruction. There is no evidence that antihistamines reduce or abolish the symptoms of the common cold. The non-sedating antihistamines acrivastine (Semprex), cetirizine hydrochloride (Zirtek), desloratadine (Neoclarityn) and fexofenadine hydrochloride (Telfast) cause less sedation and psychomotor impairment because they penetrate the blood–brain barrier to a lesser degree than the older type of antihistamines. Side effects of antihistamines include hypotension, hypersensitivity reactions, extrapyramidal effect, dizziness, blood disorders and liver dysfunction.
Gustatory rhinitis in multiple system atrophy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2021
Kaoru Yamakawa, Kenji Kondo, Akihiko Unaki, Hideto Saigusa, Kyohei Horikiri, Tatsuya Yamasoba
A 56-year-old man was referred to our department with a chief complaint of bilateral copious nasal discharge while eating. His symptoms first appeared 3 years ago. The watery nasal secretion was so excessive that he lost his appetite. Endoscopic and CT examinations in the previous clinic revealed a left nasal polyp at the uncinate process and mild opacity in bilateral maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. He therefore underwent left nasal polypectomy, but his symptom did not improve. Oral administration of antihistamines, including d-chlorpheniramine maleate and azelastine hydrochloride, failed to improve his condition. A fixed-dose combination of fexofenadine hydrochloride/pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, which was prescribed for sympathetic stimulation, was temporarily effective. However, the symptom recurred within a month.
Nasal mucus proteome and its involvement in allergic rhinitis
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Peter Valentin Tomazic, Barbara Darnhofer, Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
Despite its important role in defending the nose and the entire organism against various pathogens, nasal mucus has been granted less attention than the nasal epithelium. Particularly, nasal mucus proteins, major constituents and functional units of this body fluid, have not been studied extensively. Potential therapeutic targets like surfactant protein (SP-A) or clara cell protein (CC10) have been addressed in mouse models or in vitro models by analyzing their expression in the epithelium [9,10]. SP-A is secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells into pulmonary surfactant, where it is involved in host defense and immune regulation by inhibiting Th2 cell differentiation, reducing Th2 cytokine levels, and increasing Th1 cytokines. It was also identified in nasal mucosa by immunostaining and PCR, and exogenous application resulted in reduced IL-4 and IL-5 levels in ovalbumin-sensitized mice [9]. These protective effects of SP-A may have therapeutic potential in allergic rhinitis. CC10 is an immunosuppressive protein secreted by nasal epithelial cells upon allergen stimulation. Fexofenadine hydrochloride, an H1 histamine receptor blocker, increased CC10 levels in vitro suggesting that CC10 could be used as a predictor for the efficacy of the agent in the individual patient [10].
Usefulness of novobiocin as a selective inhibitor of intestinal breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Kei Suzuki, Kazuhiro Taniyama, Takao Aoyama, Yoshiaki Watanabe
Sulfasalazine, diclofenac sodium and flecainide acetate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Fexofenadine hydrochloride was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Midazolam was purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan). Bosentan monohydrate was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. 1′-Hydroxymidazolam-d4 was purchased from Cerilliant Corporation (Austin, TX, USA). Dormicum (5 mg/mL midazolam solution) for intravenous injection was purchased from Astellas Pharma Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Rat cDNA-expressed CYP3A2, NADPH Regenerating System and 1′-hydroxymidazolam were purchased from Corning (Corning, NY, USA). All other reagents and solutions were commercial products of analytical grade.