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Introduction to dermatological treatment
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
The one most commonly used is EMLA cream (a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics) which contains 2.5% lignocaine and 2.5% prilocaine in an oil-in-water cream base. This combination allows penetration of local anaesthetic through the stratum corneum. It is applied under occlusion (i.e. a film dressing) and left on for 90 minutes for maximum effect. Both local anaesthetics are amides so do not cause contact sensitisation. Alternatives are Denela and Nubia.
Dermabrasion in Vitiligo
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
Bharat Bhushan Mahajan, Shweta Sethi, Shashank Tyagi
Anesthesia Topical application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) patch 60 minutes preoperatively.If the topical anesthesia achieved by EMLA is not sufficient, tumescent anesthesia with 1% xylocaine infiltration.
Local Anesthetics and Anesthetic Solutions: Classification, Mode of Action and Dosages
Published in Marwali Harahap, Adel R. Abadir, Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dermatologic Surgery, 2019
Topical anesthesia became much more efficient with the invention of a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) (14). This preparation has to be applied generously under occlusion for 1 to 2 hours in adults and 30 to 60 minutes in children, depending on the thickness of the skin, particularly the homy layer. Probably because of the potentiating effect of local anesthetics to endogenous catecholamines, a blanching effect develops that usually indicates that the drug is now working and a superficial anesthesia is achieved. It allows very superficial surgical procedures to be carried out within a time frame of 30 to 45 minutes, but has also been used to reduce postoperative pain in newborns after circumcision (15).
Glibenclamide–malonic acid cocrystal with an enhanced solubility and bioavailability
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Dipti Srivastava, Zeeshan Fatima, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Anjali Mishra, Sanap Sachin Nashik, Dilshad A. Rizvi, Rammani Prasad
In the DSC endotherm, the melting point of the cocrystal was lower than that of the drug and coformer. Similar observations were reported by Maddileti et al. wherein DSC endotherms of febuxostat cocrystal with para-aminobenzoic acid and saccharin exhibited lower melting points than that of the drug and coformer [44]. Melting points lower than that of API and coformer led to the plausibility of the formation of a eutectic mixture instead of cocrystal. To rule out the formation of a eutectic mixture, the physical mixture of GLB and malonic acid in a 1:1 ratio was subjected to DSC studies. The DSC thermograms of the physical mixture showed two peaks at 129.62 °C and 162.60 °C which were different from that of the cocrystal. Seo et al. obtained similar results when they compared the DSC endotherm of cocrystal of adefovir dipivoxil with its physical mixture taken in a ratio of 1:1 [45].
Assessment of toxic metal ions in tea samples using new microextraction technique based on the solidified deep eutectic solvent followed by GFAAS
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Toraj Ahmadi-Jouibari, Negar Noori, Nazir Fattahi
Currently, cheap, affordable, and green extractants, called deep eutectic solvents (DESs), are being used as an alternative to ionic liquids and conventional organic solvents to extract trace amounts of organic and inorganic analytes (Bajkacz and Adamek 2018, Liu et al.2018, Malaeke et al.2018). DESs consist of two or three components that offer several environmental and economic advantages. These components form eutectic mixture having lowest melting point than each individual components and have the maximum capability to bound them self through hydrogen bonding (Rykowska et al.2018). DESs are formed mostly with the complexation of choline chloride with an inexpensive and nontoxic hydrogen bond donor or metal salts, such as urea, glycerol, carboxylic acid, sugar, etc. DESs not only have the advantages of low volatility, low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, and high ability to extract organic and inorganic compounds, but also have low cost and easy preparation of nontoxic compounds. Choline based DESs also overcome the health and safety challenges toward human and eco-toxicity issues.
Topical anesthetic and pain relief using penetration enhancer and transcriptional transactivator peptide multi-decorated nanostructured lipid carriers
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Tao Jiang, Shuangshuang Ma, Yangyang Shen, Yuwen Li, Ruirui Pan, Huaixin Xing
Nanoparticles (NPs) utilized for TDDS include polymeric NPs, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) (Franz-Montan et al., 2017). NLC, as the second generation of SLN, consist of a mixture of solid and liquid lipids (Müller et al., 2011). The inner matrix of NLC decides its advantages over SLN such as more drug loading and physicochemical stability. NLC has been successfully used for targeting drugs by TDDS. In the field of topical anesthesia, the most desirable marketed formulation is the eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA® Cream, AstraZeneca). However, its clinical application is limited because of the low anesthesia pain effect (Franz-Montan et al., 2008). Therefore, we designed multi-functionalized NLC to expect to achieve some breakthrough progress.