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Oxidative Stress: Relevance, Evaluation, and Management
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Kristian Leisegang, Ralf Henkel
Phytonutrients have been found to mediate many biological benefits through significant antioxidant capacity. Particular phytonutrients rich in antioxidant activity includes flavonoids, polyphenols and catechin compounds. This has been associated with reduced OS systemically, as well as in the reproductive tract [15]. Cohort and longitudinal studies increasingly establish the benefit of high consumption of plant-derived foods in preventing and the management of obesity and related metabolic pathophysiology, morbidity and mortality [99]. Herbal extracts associated with reduced seminal OS is Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Vitis vinifera, Origanum majorana, Syzygium aromaticum, Nigella sativa, Lycium barbarum, Tribulus terrestis, Asteracantha longifolia, and Polycarpea corybosa [24].
Functional Foods
Published in Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi, Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
Kamesh Venkatakrishnan, Chin-Kun Wang
Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) Jack is a famous tropical medicinal plant and commonly called Tongkat Ali or Malaysian ginseng. E. longifolia (roots/stem) belongs to the family Simaroubaceae and has been used traditionally for aphrodisiac, anti-anxiety, anti-aging, anti-fatigue and anti-microbial qualities. Several alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids (quassinoids) are isolated from the roots of E. longifolia and reported to have many beneficial properties including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-pyretic, anti-microbial, anti-fatigue and anti-aging (Bhat and Karim, 2010; Khanijo and Jiraungkoorskul, 2016). Quassinoids (eurycomalacton, eurycomanol, eurycomanon) of E. longifolia are reported to enhance muscle strength (endurance) as well as reduce stress and anxiety by balancing the production of testosterone and cortisol hormone. A clinical trial conducted by Hamzah and Yusof (2003) demonstrated that more extended supplementation (5 weeks) of E. longifolia could significantly improve muscle strength, size and mass (LBM) and thus infer its ergogenic property. However, Muhamad and his co-workers (2010) concluded that acute supplementation of Eurycoma longifolia (capsule for 7 days) did not improve the endurance running capacity performance in 12 young athletes. Likewise, Khanijo and Jiraungkoorskul (2016) in their review also concluded that consumption of Eurycoma longifolia for a longer period would elicit benefits on endurance performance and physiological performance. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to confirm its mechanism behind the ergogenic property.
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Eurycoma longifolia Jack popularly known as ‘Tongkat Ali’ is an indigenous plant species to South-East Asian countries especially Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia (Bhat and Karim, 2010). Its root is the most valuable component of the plant as it contains important bioactive substances such as quassinoids, eurycomaoside, eurycolactone, eurycomalactone and eurycoma-none (Ayob et al., 2013). These compounds were reported to contribute to its remedial properties for the treatment of aches, persistent fever, malaria, sexual insufficiency, dysentery, glandular swelling, and as health supplements (Rehman et al., 2016). Its root extract is administered for regaining energy, vitality, improving blood flow after child birth (Rehman et al., 2016). The rich extract of quassinoids could enhance the production of testosterone, improvised the spermatogenesis and enhanced fertility (Low et al., 2013). However, roles of E. longifolia on the female reproductive functions and disorders are the least studied compared in the males (Rahman et al., 2017). A previous study on E. longifolia extract stated that it ameliorates chronic effects of androgens and in sustaining female fertility in testosterone-induced amenorrhoea and polycystic ovary-like conditions in rats (Abdulghani et al., 2012). E. longifolia is a safe traditional herbal medicine, which has gained high demand and increased production of the Herbal Medicinal Products (HMP) (Abubakar et al., 2017). Although evidences show the medicinal values of E. longifolia active constituents, trials are required on its health benefits and safety aspects as a new drug candidate in the future.
Exploring the potential of solid dispersion for improving solubility, dissolution & bioavailability of herbal extracts, enriched fractions, and bioactives
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Debadatta Mohapatra, Ashish K. Agrawal, Alakh N. Sahu
Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Family-Simaroubaceae) roots extract is widely used as an additive in food beverages, marketed for their aphrodisiac use & improvement of male libido. The bitter principle of the root (quassinoids), mainly eurycomanone (EN) & 13 α (21)-epoxyeurycomanone (EP) are responsible for testosterone production, enhancing spermatogenesis and fertility. However, due to the high aqueous solubility of quassinoids, the lipid membrane permeability is the rate-limiting step for oral absorption & bioavailability. Ma et al. developed lipid-based SD of root extract fraction (TAF2) using a combination of Gelucire G44/14 & hydrophobic surfactant Span 60 via melt–fusion method. The lipid-based SD was found to increase the permeability of quassinoids & a significant increase in sperm count than the vehicle-treated and neat standardised TAF2 group (Ma et al.2017). In another work, the authors also investigated intestinal absorption, oral pharmacokinetic profile, and bioavailability in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant improvement in intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability was observed with lipid-based SD formulation (Ma et al.2015).
The Prevention and Therapy of Osteoporosis: A Review on Emerging Trends from Hormonal Therapy to Synthetic Drugs to Plant-Based Bioactives
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Twinkle Gupta, Nilanjan Das, Sabiha Imran
Eurycoma longifolia (EL) commonly known as Tongkat Aliin in Malaysia, is a very important herbal medicinal plant belonging to the family Simaroubaceae. It is a shrub with long, pinnate-shaped leaves (Goreja & Tongkat, 2004). A crude powder prepared from the roots of this plant after drying and grinding is available in the health food market (Saadiah Abdul Razak, Shuid, & Naina Mohamed, 2012). The Eurycoma longifolia plant is used in the prevention and treatment of male osteoporosis (Richards et al., 2008). Compounds isolated from EL include eurycomanone, eurycomanol, eurycomalactone, and alkaloid (Morita, Kishi, Takeya, Itokawa, & Iitaka, 1993; Ismail, Malaysia, Ismail, & Lassa, 1999), which play a role in increasing the levels of androgen hormones, especially testosterone. Hence, Eurycoma longifolia can be used as an alternative to testosterone replacement therapy (Goreja & Tongkat, 2004). It increases the free testosterone level in the blood and causes inhibition of globulin. The elevated testosterone hormone level increases bone density and prevents osteoporosis. It is observed to cause a proandrogenic effect. EL induces the androgen receptor that is present in osteoclast and osteoblast. EL inhibits the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL), thereby inhibiting resorption of bone and maintaining bone density (Saadiah Abdul Razak, Shuid, & Naina Mohamed, 2012).
Effect of Pollen, Pit Powder, and Gemmule Extract of Date Palm on Male Infertility: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Tuğba Tatar, Yasemin Akdevelioğlu
In other studies, it has been observed that plants with high antioxidant contents such as pomegranate juice and Eurycoma longifolia also have positive effects on male infertility (31,32). However, when date palm and other agents are compared, the presence of gonadotropin-like structures and steroidal compounds that are not found in other agents, as well as the antioxidant capacity of the date palm, provide an advantage in the treatment of infertility. Traditionally, date palm has been used in the treatment of infertility since ancient times. The use of date palm as a medical agent by adapting modern medicine may contribute to progress in this area. However, in some regions of the world, consumption of date palm products is uncommon, and their limited or lack of cultivation is a disadvantage in this respect.