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Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Ethyl esters are also well known compounds, but again, not as cosmetic ingredients. Ethyl oleate is used as a topical pharmaceutical agent, to enhance the skin penetration of lipophilic active ingredients. A pharmaceutical monograph exists describing the use of ethyl oleate for this purpose. Perhaps the enhanced skin penetration conferred by the unsaturated oleate is the reason the isopropyl esters of unsaturated acids (i.e., isopropyl linoleate) perform poorly in Goldemberg's subjective feel tests. They may penetrate into the skin and not remain at or near the surface to produce a subjective effect.
Development and characterization of exendin-4 loaded self-nanoemulsifying system and in vitro evaluation on Caco-2 cell line
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Yesim Aktas, Merve Celik Tekeli, Nevin Celebi
In this study exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded SNEDDS were prepared. Chymostatin which is a chymotripsin inhibitor was added to formulation to prevent the degradation of exendin-4 by intestinal chymotrypsin activity. Ethyl oleate which is long-chain triglyceride was used as oil phase due to the fact that long-chain lipids are less susceptible to lipolysis than other lipids (Zupančič et al. 2016). Whereas Cremophor EL® which has high emulsification ability and Labrasol® which facilitates intestinal absorption via opening of tight connections in the intestinal membrane were used as surfactant. Propylene glycol and absolute ethanol which increase the viscosity of the intermolecular film were selected as the co-solvent for preparation of the SNEDDS. Cytotoxicity and intestinal permeability studies were performed on Caco-2 cell line. Additionally, lipolysis study is performed in order to evaluate the effect of lipase enzymes on the exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded SNEDDS.
Quantifying fetal alcohol exposure by meconium fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE); association with adverse fetal outcomes and population estimates of fetal alcohol exposure
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Animal studies have demonstrated strong associations between meconium FAEE concentrations and maternal gestational ethanol dose. Brien et al. reported guinea pig pup meconium FAEE concentrations 8-fold higher than non-exposed pair-fed controls with maternal (dam) ethanol dosing at a level of 4 g ethanol/kg maternal body weight/day producing mean maternal blood ethanol concentrations of 263 ± 41 mg/dL (Brien et al. 2006). Littner et al. used an ovine model of prenatal ethanol exposure with intermittent dosing levels of 1.25–2.0 g ethanol/kg maternal body weight/day producing significant increases in fetal meconium concentrations of ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate, and ethyl arachidonate (Littner et al. 2008). Ethyl oleate concentrations above 131 ng/g were identified as the most sensitive (89%) and specific (100%) marker of ethanol exposure upon receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in this study, however no correlation between FAEE concentrations and ethanol dosage was detected (Littner et al. 2008).
Preparation, optimization and cellular uptake study of tanshinone I nanoemulsion modified with lactoferrin for brain drug delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Yumei Wu, Bing Zhang, Dereje Kebebe, Lili Guo, Hong Guo, Nan Li, Jiaxin Pi, Dongli Qi, Pan Guo, Zhidong Liu
TSI (purity >98%) was provided by Tianjin Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Capryol 90 and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (transucutol) were purchased from Gatteofsse (Lyon, France). Isopropyl myristate (IPM) and capric triglyceride (GTCC) were obtained from Zhejiang Wumei Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China). Ethyl oleate was provided by Tianjin Guangfu Fine Institute of Chemical Industry (Tianjin, China). Oleic Acid was purchased from Shanghai Crystal Pure Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Cremophor RH40 and Solutrol HS15 were obtained from BASF (Germany). Human lactoferrin (purity >90%), DAPI and 2-iminothiolane (Traut’s reagent) were purchased from Sigma (USA). mPEG-MAL with a content of more than 99.3% was obtained from Shanghai Yare Biotech, Inc. (Shanghai, China). Hitrap Desalting Column was purchased from GE-Healthcare Bio-Sciences (Stockholm, Sweden). Ellman’s Reagent was obtained from Solarbio (Beijing, China).