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Managing Pain in the Presence of Autoimmune Disease
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Now why use estriol and not just estradiol alone? Estriol is the weakest of the three estrogens the body produces but has many functions in the body. It is not strong enough to prevent cardiovascular disease and keep the bones strong though, thus the 20% estradiol. Estradiol is powerful enough to produce improvement in cardiovascular risk and bone health but can turn into estrone excessively.80 Topical estradiol is available in patch form, but great caution needs to be exercised because of its tendency to convert excessively to estrone. Estrogen should never be used without also using progesterone. For one reason, they work together for many processes. Progesterone helps to make good strong bones, and estrogen prevents excessive loss of bone. Also, we do not want excessive estrogen impact on breast tissue without progesterone to protect the breast.81 The same goes for estrogen dominance and its negative impact on autoimmune disease prevention or reversal.74
Estrogen treatment for senile dementia-Alzheimer’s type
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
H. Honjo, M. Urabe, K. Iwasa, T. Okubo, H. Tsuchiya, N. Kikuchi, T. Yamamoto, S. Fushiki, T. Mizuno, K. Nakajima, M. Hayashi, K. Hayashi
A mass screening for AD was performed in a northern town in Kyoto prefecture. The phenotype of Apo E was analyzed. E3/4 was found in 35% of 20 women suffering from AD. E4/4 (1%), E2/4 (1%) and E3/4 (16%) were found in 68 normal women. The serum level of estrone (E1) was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in women with AD than in normal women. Obese women produce more E1 by aromatization of androgen in peripheral fatty tissue. The produced E1 may be useful in preventing AD.
Transdermal estrogen therapy and the risk of breast cancer: a clinical appraisal
Published in A. R. Genazzani, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer, 2020
Excess sulfatase activity, and/or above-normal circulating estrone sulfate, may result in high estradiol tissue levels. This may influence decisions regarding the route of ET (see below) or the use of drugs with sulfatase-inhibiting properties, such as tibolone. Estrone sulfate is an important source of estrone and especially estradiol, and is present in high concentration in breast tissue12. Because of this, high serum estrone sulfate levels may be yet another marker of women at risk for breast cancer.
Sex hormones, SHBG and cognitive performance among older Australian women: an observational study
Published in Climacteric, 2023
F. Sultana, S. R. Davis, A. M. Murray, R. L. Woods, J. J. McNeil, R. M. Islam
Boss et al. published a systematic review of estrogens and cognitive performance that included studies of women with and without cognitive impairment [44]. Interpretation of the inconclusive associations between estradiol, estrone, testosterone and cognitive performance irrespective of study designs was limited again by the use of conventional immunoassays by 25 of the 26 included studies, small to moderate sample sizes, methodological differences between studies and the use of single global tests of cognition [44]. Additionally, most of the included studies did not report findings for estrone, the main circulating estrogen in postmenopausal women. We have previously shown that estrone is a robust proxy for estradiol concentrations in older postmenopausal women and is thus a marker of the overall estrogen milieu [15]. Consistent with our finding of no association between estrone and cognitive function, in our exploratory analysis women with estradiol concentrations below the LOD did not perform differently on cognitive testing from those with measurable estradiol.
Profile of estetrol, a promising native estrogen for oral contraception and the relief of climacteric symptoms of menopause
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Céline Gérard, Jean-François Arnal, Maud Jost, Jonathan Douxfils, Françoise Lenfant, Coralie Fontaine, René Houtman, David F. Archer, Robert L. Reid, Rogerio A. Lobo, Ulysse Gaspard, Herjan J.T. Coelingh Bennink, Mitchell D. Creinin, Jean-Michel Foidart
Four natural estrogens are found in human species over the course of life (Figure 1A). The names and abbreviations reflect the number of hydroxyl groups present on the 4-ring backbone, as is similar for all hormones. Estrone (E1) is present throughout life and is considered the primary estrogen during the menopausal years in women. Estradiol (E2), produced by the ovaries, is the primary estrogen during the reproductive years. Estriol (E3) is produced naturally by the placenta and is the major estrogen during pregnancy. Lastly, estetrol (E4) is the estrogen of fetal life, produced by the fetal liver, and present only during pregnancy with relatively high levels in the fetus and lower levels in the maternal circulation. Interestingly, whereas E1, E2, and E3 are found in other mammalian species, E4 is primarily only found in humans, present as early as 9 weeks of gestation. Some higher order mammals have limited levels of E4 present but only in the last few weeks of gestation. The unique role of E4 in humans, compared to lower-order mammals, is still not understood.
The role of estrogens in osteosarcopenia: from biology to potential dual therapeutic effects
Published in Climacteric, 2022
A. Mandelli, E. Tacconi, I. Levinger, G. Duque, A. Hayes
Estrogens are a class of steroid hormones derived from cholesterol. The three naturally produced molecules are 17β-estradiol, estrone and estriol, with the former being the main circulating form [13]. Estrogens are mainly produced in the ovaries by theca and granulosa cells, starting from androgens until the last step of aromatization by the aromatase enzyme. This enzyme has been found to be also expressed in bone [14,15] and muscle [16]. Estrone and estriol are instead formed in the liver from estradiol. Estrogen production varies during the menstrual cycle and lifespan of a woman, reaching its lowest concentration during menopause (20 pg/ml) [17]; in postmenopausal women, estrone is the most predominant molecule. In the plasma, estrogens bind to the sex hormone binding globulin and with less affinity to albumin; only 2–3% circulates free [13].