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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Pyrethroids are a widely used class of insecticides used for mosquito control and various insects in residential and agricultural settings. However, pyrethroids are highly neurotoxic and have been linked to cancer, endocrine disruption, suppression of the immune system, and various reproductive effects chemical sensitivity. This class of chemicals includes permethrin, bifenthrin, resmethrin, cyfluthrin, and scores of others. (Reference Read Beyond Pesticides factsheet Synthetic Pyrethroids.) Once the agency completes and approves the pyrethroid chemical assessment, it is likely that new uses of these pesticides will be added. The agency claims that more pyrethroid registrations may help combat recent pervasive pest problems, such as stink bugs and bed bugs, even though this class of chemicals is already known to be ineffective against these pests due to growing resistance issues compounded with continued pesticide use. However, serious issues such as the carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting potential of several pyrethroids were not mentioned in the risk assessment even though a recent study published in Environmental Health Perspectives finds that low-dose, short-term exposure to esfenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, delays the onset of puberty in at doses two times lower than EPAs stated no observable effect level.
Metabolism of bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin and esfenvalerate by rat and human cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase enzymes
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Laura Hedges, Susan Brown, A. Kenneth MacLeod, Marjory Moreau, Miyoung Yoon, Moire R. Creek, Thomas G. Osimitz, Brian G. Lake
In previous studies, the metabolism of three pyrethroids, namely DLM, cis-permethrin (CPM) and trans-permethrin (TPM), was investigated in liver microsome and cytosol fractions and plasma preparations from rats aged 90, 21, and 15 days and adult humans and by some expressed human CYP and CES enzymes (Hedges et al., 2019a,b). The objectives of the present study were to examine the metabolism of five additional synthetic pyrethroids, namely bifenthrin (BIF), β-cyfluthrin (CYFL), λ-cyhalothrin (CYHA), cyphenothrin (CYPH) and esfenvalerate (ESF), by liver microsome and cytosol fractions and plasma preparations from 90, 21, and 15 day old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Studies were also performed with pooled male and female adult human liver microsome and cytosol fractions and plasma preparations to provide data on possible species differences in pyrethroid metabolism. The metabolism of the five pyrethroids by a panel of human expressed CYP enzymes (comprising CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9*1, CYP2C19, CYP2D6*1, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP4A11) and by two human CES enzymes was also investigated.
Pyrethroid epidemiology: a quality-based review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Carol J. Burns, Timothy P. Pastoor
Depending on the region of the world, there are over a dozen registered pyrethroid molecules that are used in a myriad of products for agriculture, homeowner, veterinary, and medical applications. Specific pyrethroids include allethrin, bioallethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, esfenvalerate, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, flumethrin, fluvalinate-tau, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, and tetramethrin.