China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Special Senses
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Kenneth A. Schafer, Oliver C. Turner, Richard A. Altschuler
The predictive value of retinal findings in laboratory animals due to ocular toxicity may vary between rodent and non-rodent species and between animals and humans (Heywood 1985). For example, enrofloxacin is an antimicrobial agent that has interspecies differences in sensitivity to retinal toxicity (Gelatt et al. 2001). Retinal lesions in animals may be difficult to correlate to retinal lesions in humans. Some drugs (e.g., ethambutol and vigabatrin) that cause retinal lesions in laboratory animals do not appear to cause retinal changes in humans (Butler et al. 1987; Heng et al. 1999). The aminoglycosides, in particular gentamicin, are the most toxic of the antibiotics commonly used in ophthalmology. By contrast, experimental and clinical studies have shown that intraocular vancomycin is a safe and effective treatment for gram positive organisms causing endophthalmitis. A combination of ceftazidime and vancomycin provides broad spectrum coverage for virtually all bacteria that cause endophthalmitis and is the current intraocular treatment of choice (Thomas et al. 2001).
Ciprofloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason Kwong, M. Lindsay Grayson
Two additional efflux pumps mediated by plasmids have been described. In an in vitro model, E. coli transformants carrying a novel quinolone resistance gene, qepA, had 32- to 64-fold higher MICs to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin compared to their respective parent strains (Yamane et al., 2007). However, others have found more variable changes in MIC in qepA transconjugants, suggesting a more complex relationship with a gene expression and regulation system that is yet to be defined (Liu et al., 2008; Machuca et al., 2015).
Veterinary Care
Published in Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman, The Laboratory GUINEA PIG, 2016
Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman
Note: Broad spectrum antibiotics such as enrofloxacin are relatively less risky, but when giving antibiotics to a guinea pig, carefully weigh benefits vs. risks. A similar syndrome occurs in guinea pigs with no history of antibiotic exposure, where apparently healthy animals are suddenly found dead.Necropsy findings include necrosis and inflammation of the cecal and intestinal mucosa. Cases are sometimes associated with steroid administration, pregnancy, and experimental protocols that change the bacterial flora of the intestines or otherwise stress the guinea pig.The phenomenon suggests the cause is an enteric bacterial flora disturbance similar to that found in antibiotic toxicity.112
Targeting therapy effects of composite hyaluronic acid/chitosan nanosystems containing inclusion complexes
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
At present, antibiotics are mainly used to treat S.aureus infection in clinic. Enrofloxacin, the first fluoroquinolone approved for veterinary use, is used to treat animal infections caused by a variety of gram-positive bacteria due to its broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and broad distribution in the body, which include methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (Hauschild et al., 2012; Pei et al., 2020). Although the therapeutic efficacy of enrofloxacin has been fully recognized, the rapid metabolism limit its clinical appilcation. In order to maintain its blood concentration, it is often necessary to increase the dosage frequency. However, long-term high-dose and high-frequency use will lead to some obvious side effects and severe drug resistance. In addition, the nonspecific distribution of enrofloxacin in vivo also limits its clinical application. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an intelligent delivery system that can improve the solubility, sustained release, and targeting of enrofloxacin to achieve precise treatment of S. aureus infection sites in vivo.
Effect of the Ileum and Colon on Liver Regeneration
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Cláudia Nunes Oliveira, Ítalo Medeiros Azevedo, Keyla Borges Ferreira Rocha, Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa Egito, Aldo Cunha Medeiros
The rats were randomized into 4 groups of 6 rats each. All animals were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with ketamine hydrochloride (70 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg), and operated on using the aseptic technique after abdominal shaving and antisepsis with 70% alcohol. After anesthesia, all animals received a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic (5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin, s.c.). Group I rats (sham) underwent median laparotomy and a delicate manipulation of the ileum, colon and liver with atraumatic forceps, and the surgical wound was then closed with 4-0 nylon suture. Group II (partial 70% hepatectomy) rats underwent resection of the left and middle liver lobes, corresponding to 70% of the hepatic tissue. Group III rats (ileum resection + 70% hepatectomy) were submitted to median laparotomy, 70% hepatectomy and resection of 30 cm of the small intestine from 1 cm proximal to the cecum. Intestinal continuity was restored with end-to-end jejunocolic anastomosis using 6-0 polypropylene suture and a DFV 10x power surgical microscope (São Paulo, Brazil). In group IV (colectomy + 70% hepatectomy) the rats were submitted to 70% hepatectomy and resection of the cecum plus 10 cm of colon, followed by ileocolic anastomosis. Postoperative pain was controlled with a single daily dose of analgesia on the first 3 days (10 mg/kg of meperidine s.c.). The animals were weighed before surgery.
Enrofloxacin/florfenicol loaded cyclodextrin metal-organic-framework for drug delivery and controlled release
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Yucai Wei, Chaoxi Chen, Shuo Zhai, Min Tan, Juebo Zhao, Xiaowen Zhu, Lu Wang, Qun Liu, Tao Dai
As shown in Figure 5(b), we compared the drug concentration in blood with a different time interval. Within the first 5 min, the concentration of free enrofloxacin was a little higher than that of enrofloxacin-loaded γ-CD-MOF. Meanwhile, with the metabolism and blood circulation, the concentration of free drug was gradually decreased. The solubility of enrofloxacin-loaded γ-CD-MOF was much better than that of enrofloxacin (Table S2). As well as the drug-loaded γ-CD-MOF could release the drug within 4 hours persistently and slowly in vitro. The free drug was rapidly cleared from blood circulation in comparison with the same doses of enrofloxacin-loaded γ-CD-MOF. Thus, the concentration of Enrofloxacin-loaded γ-CD-MOF could maintain a high concentration for nearly 2 h. Enrofloxacin-loaded γ-CD-MOF shows higher drug concentration and half-lives than free enrofloxacin. It was indicated that γ-CD-MOF could improve the adsorption and utilization efficiency of enrofloxacin. Moreover, the enrofloxacin loaded γ-CD-MOF could gradually release enrofloxacin in vivo. Therefore, the γ-CD-MOF as the perfect vehicle could sustain the release of enrofloxacin both in vitro and in vivo and show longer inhibition ability of bacteria. The dosage of antibiotics can be greatly reduced and also can be achieved good therapeutic effects.