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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Emtricitabine is a nucleoside analog. It is always used with another therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. The Antiretroviral Registry reported 2,785 infants born to women who used the drug during the first trimester of pregnancy, and the frequency of birth defects was not increased (Antiretroviral Registry, 2018). Among 552 women who took Emtricitabine during the first trimester, the frequency of birth defects was not increased above controls (Sibiude et al., 2014).
Emtricitabine
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Janine Trevillyan, Edwina Wright
Emtricitabine (also known as fluorocytidine or FTC) is the negative enantiomer of a thio analog of dideoxycytidine with a fluorine in the 5 position. Emtricitabine is a potent, synthetic nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2 and hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Important pharmacogenomic aspects in the management of HIV/AIDS
Published in South African Family Practice, 2019
A Marais, E Osuch, V Steenkamp, L Ledwaba
The intracellular pharmacology of the NRTIs is a major determinant of their activity and toxicity, as these drugs are not metabolised by the hepatic CYP450 enzyme system. Tenofovir acts as an adenosine monophosphate nucleoside analogue resulting in the inhibition of HIV replication by causing DNA chain termination. It is metabolised intracellularly through phosphorylation by cellular adenylate kinase and excreted by the kidneys through glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.23 Several pharmacogenetic studies assessing the variants in the ABCC4 gene, commonly implicated in multidrug resistance, were unable to show any association between tenofovir resistance and protein expression in Caucasian populations.24 Emtricitabine similarly results in DNA chain termination and thus inhibition of HIV replication. It acts as nucleoside analogue of cytosine and likewise phosphorylated by intracellular enzymes independent of the hepatic CYP450 enzyme system.25 Applicable pharmacogenetic evidence is absent in studies concerning emtricitabine.
Current state-of-the-art pharmacotherapy for the management of hepatitis B infection
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Hans L. Tillmann, Gbeminiyi Samuel
A drug most similar to lamivudine likely is emtricitabine: It is not licensed for HBV treatment as single agent in most countries [3] but available as combination medication with tenofovir for HIV therapy. It was demonstrated to increase efficacy in patients who did not suppress HBV sufficiently on Tenofovir alone [53]. Thus, the Tenofovir-Emtricitabine combination could be beneficial for patients with detectable viral load on Tenofovir. Alternatively, Tenofovir-ETV could be used in patients with detectable viral load despite Tenofovir therapy and compliance. This combination, may be even more effective, but does not currently exist co-formulated, and thus will be 2 pills instead of 1, and likely more expensive. To summarize, emtricitabine is only used as co-formulated medication with Tenofovir, where the combination may have benefits in a few selected patients.
Evaluating emtricitabine + rilpivirine + tenofovir alafenamide in combination for the treatment of HIV-infection
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Ying Mu, Michelle Pham, Anthony T. Podany, Theodore J. Cory
FTC potency, safety, and efficacy have been evaluated in early Phase I/II studies. In studies of HIV-infected adults, daily doses of emtricitabine up to 400 mg were shown to be safe and well tolerated [37]. A 10-day monotherapy trial of emtricitabine versus lamivudine (3TC) assessed relative efficacy of the two nucleoside analogues. FTC doses of 25, 100, and 200 mg daily were compared with 3TC at a dose of 150 mg twice daily in HIV-infected patients. Reductions in HIV viral loads were greater with FTC 200-mg daily than with 3TC 150-mg twice daily, as demonstrated by a 1.7 vs 1.5 log10 drop, respectively [38].