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Adulteration of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
ISO standard 10624 shows character and data for this oil. Elemol and elemicin are the lead compounds. As minor component 10-epi-γ-eudesmol must be detected between 0.2% and 0.3% to ensure naturness. Adulteration is done by limonene, α-phellandrene, and sabinene. Detection is done by GC-MS.
Miscellaneous Herbal Psychotropic Agents
Published in Ethan Russo, Handbook of Psychotropic Herbs, 2015
Large doses of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae), or its spice sister, mace, have long been known to be hallucinogenic (psychedelic/entheogenic) when ingested. Earlier studies revealed sedative and MAOI effects in rodents (Seto and Keup, 1969; Sherry and Burnett, 1978). The topic of nutmeg psychoactiv-ity has been reviewed at length (Ott, 1996; Tisserand and Balacs, 1995). The authors of the latter book engaged in some self-experimentation with nutmeg and its essential oils. They found no support for minor component myristicin and elemicin alone producing such effects. Some additional component apart from the essential oil may be operative, and the latter certainly seems to be safe in routine clinical usage (Tisserand and Balacs, 1995).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
One hundred grams nutmeg contains circa 200 mg safrole, 90 mg methylleugenol, 25 mg eugenol, 55 mg methylisoeugenol, 30 mg isoeugenol, 1050 mg myristicin, 350 mg elemicin, 15 mg isoelemicin, and 40 mg methoxyeugenol. Nutmeg contains about 14.3% water, 7.5% protein, 36.4% fat, 28.5% carbohydrates, 11.6% fiber, 0.2% calcium, 0.24% phosphorus, and 4.5 mg iron per 100 g. Mace contains 15.9% water, 6.5% protein, 24.4% fat, 47.8% carbohydrates, 3.8% fiber, 0.18% calcium, 0.10% phosphorus, and 12.6 mg iron per 100 g. The fat from Indian nutmegs contain 0.4% lauric acid, 71.8% myristic acid, 1.2% stearic acid, 4.8% hexadecenoic acid, 5.2% oleic, and 1.5% linoleic acid. Amylod-extrins, pectins, resins, and reducing sugars are also present. The volatile oils contain numerous ingredients, some of them toxic, camphene, cymene, dipentene, eugenol, geraniol, isoeugenol, linalool, myristicin, pinene, safrole, and terpineol. See Purseglove et al.64 and Lawrence193 for details. Per 100 g, ground mace contains 475 calories (1989 kJ), 8.2 g H2O, 6.7 g protein, 32.4 g fat, 50.5 g total carbohydrate, 4.8 g fiber, 2.2 g ash, 252 mg Ca, 110 mg P, 14 mg Fe, 163 mg Mg, 80 mg Na, 463 mg K,2 mg Zn, 800 IU vitamin A, 0.31 mg thiamine, 0.45 mg riboflavin, 1.35 mg niacin, 0 mg cholesterol, and 73 mg phytosterols. On the other hand, ground nutmeg contains 525 calories (2196 kJ), 6.2 g H2O, 5.8 g protein, 36.3 g fat, 49.3 g total carbohydrate, 4.0 g fiber, 2.3 g ash, 184 mg Ca, 213 mg P, 3 mg Fe, 183 mg Mg, 16 mg Na, 350 mg K, 2 mg Zn, 102 IU vitamin A, 0.35 mg thiamine, 0.06 mg riboflavin, 1.30 mg niacin, 0 mg cholesterol, and 62 mg phytosterols.
Metabolic profiling of coumarins by the combination of UPLC-MS-based metabolomics and multiple mass defect filter
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Yao Xiao, Yi-Kun Wang, Xue-Rong Xiao, Qi Zhao, Jian-Feng Huang, Wei-Feng Zhu, Fei Li
Metabolomics has been widely applied to studies of perturbations of endogenous small molecules in vitro or in vivo caused by xenobiotics such as a drug or toxic chemical (Fang & Gonzalez, 2014). Extensive studies have proved that UPLC-MS-based metabolomics is an effective tool to investigate metabolism of xenobiotic and has been successfully applied to metabolism study of some bioactive natural products, such as myrislignan (Yang et al., 2017), dehydrodiisoeugenol (Lv et al., 2017), elemicin (Wang, Yang, Zhu, et al., 2019b), and myristicin (Zhu et al., 2019), as well as many clinical drugs, including gefitinib (Liu et al., 2015), pazopanib (Wang, Yang, Liang, et al., 2019a), sunitinib (Zhao et al., 2019) and procainamide (Li et al., 2012). MMDF is an effective data-processing method for high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis, which employs a mass defect filter to identify compounds in complex environments (Ballesteros-Gomez et al., 2017; Myers et al., 2014). MMDF was first reported in 2003 for metabolites analysis based on the principle that mass defects of metabolites fall within a defined narrow window related to that of the parent drug (Zhang et al., 2003). Up to now, MMDF has been widely used in natural products metabolism study, such as, deoxyschizandrin (Liu et al., 2014) and oridonin (Tian et al., 2015), as well as clinical drug metabolism study like regorafenib (Wang et al., 2018).
Enhancement of chlorhexidine activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of oral streptococci by two Croton spp. essential oils from the Caatinga biome
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Brendda Miranda Vasconcelos, Antônio Mateus Gomes Pereira, Paulo Adenes Teixeira Coelho, Rafaela Mesquita Bastos Cavalcante, Daniela Santos Carneiro-Torres, Paulo Nogueira Bandeira, Felipe Ferreira da Silva, Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues, Geovany Amorim Gomes, Victor Alves Carneiro
More than 98% of the chemical constituents present in EOs were identified. EOAr was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons, with α-pinene (54.74%) in greater abundance and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, as represented by 16.08%bicyclogermacrene. EOPg, in turn, presented as major constituents 1,8-cineole (17.41%), belonging to the class of oxygenated monoterpenes, methyleugenol (16.06%) and elemicin (15.99%), both from the benzenoid class, which was not detected in the EOAr composition.
In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf)
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Daiane Pan, Larissa Machado, Claudia Giuliano Bica, Alencar Kolinski Machado, Jovani Antônio Steffani, Francine Carla Cadoná
As demonstrated in the study conducted by Shah et al. (17), in which they analyzed the chemical composition of lemongrass, reported the presence of flavonoids, which consist of luteolin, isoorientin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin, as well as phenolic compounds, which consist of elemicin, catechol, chlorogenic acid, acid caffeine, and hydroquinone. Compounds that are already well known for their antioxidant activities linked to therapeutic activity.