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Hepatoprotective Marine Phytochemicals
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
BR Annapoorna, S Vasudevan, K Sindhu, V Vani, V Nivya, VP Venkateish, P Madan Kumar
Phlorotannins (1,3,5-trihydroxy benzene) are polymers of phloroglucinol exclusively found in brown algae and biosynthesized through the acetate–malonate pathway. Different types of phlorotannins have been identified from different marine species, a few of which include Phlorofucofuroeckol A, dieckol, dioxinodehydroeckol, eckstolonol, triphlorethol-A, fucosterol, phloroglucinol, eckol, phlorofucofuroeckol-A, 2-phloroeckol, 7-phloroeckol (Kim et al. 2009). Among marine brown algae, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, Ecklonia kurome, Eisenia bicyclis, Ishige okamurae, Sargassum thunbergii, Hizikia fusiformis, Undaria pinnatifida, and Laminaria japonica have been reported for phlorotannins with beneficial health biological activities (Li et al. 2011). A few of the carotenoids isolated from marine sources such as algae, fungi, and bacteria include astaxanthin (Hematococcus pluvialis), fucoxanthin (Sargassum siliquastrum, Hijikia fusiformis, Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica), tedaniaxanthin, lutein (Dunaliella salina), siphonaxanthin, lycopene (haloarchaea), antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin (Halophila stipulacea), violaxanthin, neoxanthin, peridinin (Heterocapsa triquetra), β-cryptoxanthin β-carotene (Dunaliella salina), ketocarotenoids, canthaxanthin (Thraustochytrium strains ONC-T18 and CHN-1), echinenone, diadinoxanthin, dinoxanthin, and alloxanthin (Galasso et al. 2017).
Microalgal Pigments as Natural Color
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
K. G. Sreekala, Malairaj Sathuvan, Javee Anand, Karuppan Ramamoorthy, Vengatesh Babu, S. Nagaraj
Recently, some microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, etc. have been utilized for carotenoids production.19 Carotenoids in plants and algae capture excess light energy, protecting chlorophyll from photo-damage; and include β-carotene, xanthophylls, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxan-thin, and echinenone. While in humans, they serve as antioxidants.30
Dunaliella salina
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Marine and aquatic animals deposit carotenoids obtained mainly by feeding on autotrophs (phytoplankton and microalgae). They deposit the ingested carotenoids in their gonads, carapaces, muscles, and integuments. These carotenoids are either directly accumulated without modification or are converted into other carotenoids prior to deposition in tissues. Carotenoid-based skin coloration is an indication of quality of the flesh; the presence of β-carotene is ascribed health benefits as precursors for vitamin A and transcription regulators, antioxidants, free-radical scavengers, immune-system stimulants and cancer inhibitors. These pigments are also mobilized from muscle to ovaries, and have been associated with reproduction (Kodric-Brown and Brown 1984; Ando et al. 1986; Liñán-Cabello and Paniagua Michel 2004). Aquatic animals conspicuously accumulate carotenoids in their gonads, which is assumed to be essential for their reproduction and the successful development of their eggs and early larval stages (Paniagua-Michel and Liñán-Cabello 2002). In the case of the sea urchin, supplementation with β-carotene, which can be metabolized to echinenone, also increased reproduction and the survival of larvae (Tsushima et al. 1997). Color in shrimp and fish is a nutritive quality criterion demanded by consumers. The aesthetic appeal and nutritive value of the food from aquaculture organisms, viz., salmonids, crustaceans, and several farmed fish (red porgy or red sea bream) are dependent on its color, which has a direct bearing on marketing and commercialization.
Still challenging: the ecological function of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin – What we know so far
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Azam Omidi, Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt, Stephan Pflugmacher
Research investigating the relation between MC production rate and chlorophyl a content raised more evidence in support of the hypothesis that MCs participate in photosynthesis activity and affected the chromatic pigment contents (Lyck, 2004). It was also established that MCs occurred in a constant ratio to Chl a (1:2 mol: mol) (Long et al., 2001). The MC content in cyanobacteria was directly related to the chlorophyl a quota but was reversely related to the growth rate (Debolis & Juneau, 2010; Van der Westhuizen & Eloff, 1985). Under light limited conditions, on one hand, the M. aeruginosa mcyB-lacking mutant contained less photosynthetic pigments, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, echinenone, and chlorophyl a, but a greater ratio of phycocyanine to chlorophyl a compared to the wild type. On the other hand, the growth of the wild-type and the mutant strain was similar, suggesting that MCs might play a role in the light harvesting processes (Hesse et al., 2001). Although another study obtained conflicting results with the mcy-knockout mutant strain at different light intensities as no changes in the photosynthesis efficiency were observed, however, differences in the thylakoids membrane and irregular gas vacuoles were demonstrated (Dittmann et al., 1997).
Milk and Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Chinese Breast-Feeding Mother–Infant Dyads With Healthy Maternal Fruit and Vegetable Intake*
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Xiu Xu, Xianfeng Zhao, Yatin Berde, Yen Ling Low, Matthew J. Kuchan
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was conducted with an Agilent 1290 Infinity HPLC system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) equipped with PAD detector. Briefly, a 50-μl injection volume was separated with a YMC C30 column (3 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm, YMC, Wilmington, NC) at a column temperature of 23 °C. A gradient wash procedure using methanol and methyl-tert-butyl ether was used for 50 minutes at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute according to the method of Yeum et al. (22). Echinenone was used as an internal standard.