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Global health futures?
Published in Kevin McCracken, David R. Phillips, Global Health, 2017
Kevin McCracken, David R. Phillips
Major resistant pathogens have been called the ‘ESKAPE’ microbes: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterspecies (Boucher et al., 2009; Pendleton et al., 2013). Some types of resistance, such as MRSA, are relatively new, evident only since the 1990s (see Box 11.6). Others, such as resistance to commoner penicillins, have evolved gradually over decades (see below). To date, many resistant bacteria or strains have mainly been encountered either in special settings (such as hospitals) or among certain groups and individuals (such as people co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis; drug users; or people with very chronic conditions). However, there is already growing evidence in many parts of the world – especially in Asia and Latin America – of, for example, MRSA becoming acquired in the wider community, not only in institutions.
Microbial Biofilms
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Neha Srivastava, Intekhab Islam, Kelvin Foong and Finbarr Allen
Medical devices which temporarily come into contact with human body surfaces may also develop microbial biofilms on their surfaces. Some common examples are discussed in the text that follows. Endotracheal tubes are placed in the lower airways to assist breathing in critically ill patients who are unable to breathe normally [99]. However, this provides an opportunity for microorganisms to adhere and form biofilms on endotracheal tubes, leading to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) [100]. VAP is a major nosocomial infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Bacterial colonisation occurs within hours of endotracheal intubation [60]. Subsequently, biofilm microorganisms may gain access to the sterile lung tissues leading to pneumonia [99]. To support this association, studies have observed identical bacterial populations between endotracheal biofilms and the infected lungs of 70% of VAP patients [101]. These bacteria may come from oropharyngeal and enteric flora and are usually mixed-species in nature. Various bacterial groups of oral origin have been associated with VAP [99]. In addition, the ESKAPE group of bacteria – Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.–has also been frequently recovered from endotracheal tube biofilms [60,99]. In addition, fungal species such as Candida can also be accountable for VAP [102].
Plant-based Nanomaterials and their Antimicrobial Activity
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Mayuri Napagoda, Priyalatha Madhushanthi, Dharani Wanigasekara, Sanjeeva Witharana
The development of antibiotic resistance came together with the introduction of new generations of penicillin into clinical practice. Over 150 antibiotics have been introduced since the discovery of penicillin, and for the majority of existing antibiotics, resistance has emerged. Further, the recent increase of multi/pan-drug resistant strains has occurred with enhanced mortality and morbidity. Overall, failure of the antibiotic treatments to superbug infections has been responsible for the persistence and spread of multi-drug resistant species worldwide which represents a global public health threat (Bergman et al. 2009). The World Health Organization (WHO) in its “Report of global antimicrobial resistance-2014” revealed high levels of antibiotic resistance in the common infection-causing bacteria (Brown 2015). During the past few decades, infections caused by MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium) had been rapidly increasing, while, the incidence of pan-antibiotic resistant infections due to Acinetobacter species, multi drug-resistant P. aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella species (Souli et al. 2008) had significantly inclined. Moreover, the occurrence of multidrug-resistant ‘ESKAPE’ (Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) has turned out to be a public health threat (Boucher et al. 2009). There are strains of some Gram-negative bacteria such as A. baumannii that have acquired resistance to all currently available antibiotics and have been widely spread in clinics also due to their strong viability and colonization occurrence rate (Higgins et al. 2010; Zhi-Wen et al. 2015).
Enhancement of the oral bioavailability of isopropoxy benzene guanidine though complexation with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Yixing Lu, Liuye Yang, Wanying Zhang, Shiting Xie, Feifei Zhao, Xianfeng Peng, Zonghua Qin, Dongping Zeng, Zhenling Zeng
Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat to public health (Ardal et al., 2020). ESKAPE pathogens (consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) are known for developing high levels of resistance to traditional antibiotic drugs, thus reducing treatment options for serious infections, and increasing mortality due to treatment failure (De Oliveira et al., 2020; Mancuso et al., 2021). In addition, these pathogens have shown resistance to first-line and last-resort antibiotics worldwide, leading to drug unavailability (Liu et al., 2016; He et al., 2019; Schwarz et al., 2021). Therefore, new agents and new ways to counter drug-resistant infections are urgently needed (McEwen & Collignon, 2018).
Multicenter surveillance of in vitro activities of cefepime-zidebactam, cefepime-enmetazobactam, omadacycline, eravacycline, and comparator antibiotics against Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii complex causing bloodstream infection in Taiwan, 2020
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Shio-Shin Jean, Wen-Chien Ko, Min-Chi Lu, Wen-Sen Lee, Po-Ren Hsueh
The nationwide antibiotic resistance plan for clinically important pathogens was implemented in 16 major teaching hospitals (8 in northern, 4 in central, 3 in southern, and 1 in eastern Taiwan) between January 2020 and December 2020. In addition to demographic and clinical information, some ‘ESKAPE’ pathogens [22] isolated from the clinical samples of the study subjects were collected. To avoid the influence of short-term outbreak clusters, 2–4 non-duplicate BSI isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii complex were collected monthly from each medical center (n = 11) and at least one isolate was submitted from every district teaching hospital (n = 5) each month. Additionally, at least one non-duplicate non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolate and any available isolates of Shigella species, irrespective of the culture source, were collected each month from all participating hospitals. Species were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with a Bruker Daltonics MAI DI biotyper (Billerica, MA, USA).
Foodborne ESKAPE Biofilms and Antimicrobial Resistance: lessons Learned from Clinical Isolates
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Amrita Patil, Rajashri Banerji, Poonam Kanojiya, Sunil D. Saroj
The frequent isolation of antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE from food is a matter of public health concern. The situation is alarming as one of the notable characteristics of ESKAPE pathogens is their inherent ability to adapt to a range of environmental stress and acquisition of genetic information by horizontal gene transfer. Biofilms play a significant role in antimicrobial resistance and transmission. The mechanisms of regulation of biofilm formation have been explored in clinical isolates; however, the fundamental mechanism of biofilm mediated antibiotic resistance is not much explored in the food isolates. Therefore, the information gained from the clinical isolates could be potentially applied to the food isolates to assess the role of stress encountered during food processing and storage on biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance.