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Face Masks and Hand Sanitizers
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Mahnoor Zahid, Maham Saeed, Izaz Ahmad, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Rizwan Ahmad
natural process due to frequent use of disinfectants, hand rubs, and antibiotics. A study on antimicrobial-resistant against disinfectant in Enterococcus faecium has been reported in 2018. Enterococcus faecium was isolated from 139 hospitals from 1997 to 2015 and was found 10 times more resistant to alcoholic antimicrobe products after 2010. Escalating the amount of hand sanitizers in Australian hospitals resulted in an increased rate of enterococcal infections. Other infection causing microbes also developed resistance after frequent exposure of sanitizers, as reported in other parts of the world [214] . The resistance of E. coli against all types of available sanitizers was found to be 48% and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa 64%. Sunshine hand sanitizer was found ineffective against Pneumonia aeruginosa and Micrococcus leutusbutit as both of these microbes developed resistance. It is reported that sanitizers including Cool n cool, Insta foam, Safeguard, Fresh up become less effective against all Gram-negative bacteria [225].
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove
More recent studies are notable. Between 2004 and 2012, 969 isolates of E. faecalis and 332 isolates of Enterococcus faecium from sites in France were assessed for resistance. Most E. faecalis maintained susceptibility to AMP (> 96%), while most E. faecium were resistant (> 75%). Decreases in E. faecalis susceptibility between 2004 and 2012 to AMP were small but statistically significant (100% to 95.4%, p < 0.001) (Cattoir and Dowzicky, 2014). In four hospitals in Marseille from 2013–2014, of 2507 strains of E. faecalis, only 1.3% and 0% were resistant to AMOX and vancomycin, respectively. The corresponding rates for the 469 E faecium were 83.9% and 0.2%, respectively (Abat et al, 2016). Of 410 Enterococci spp isolated from urinary infections in Canada, 94.5% were AMOX susceptible and 99% vancomycin susceptible (Karlowsky et al, 2011).
Probiotics and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
The beneficial effects of probiotics are often disparate and strain specific (Ebel et al., 2014). Some species conferred beneficial effects for example, in the treatment of acute diarrhea associated with retrovirus (Isolauri et al., 1995), ulcerated colitis (Ishikawa et al., 2003) and Helicobacter pylori infection (Nista et al., 2004). Some studies report preventative effects, such as prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea in children (Kunz et al., 2004). The commercial exploitation of probiotic products is still associated with a large body of unsubstantiated claims and many proposed health effects, and still needs additional investigation particularly in relation to the potential benefits for the health consumer, the main market for probiotic products. The perception that fermented milk yoghurt is beneficial is already widespread within many regions of the world, traditionally these products have been and are being used by local healers for treatment of such diverse conditions such as skin allergies, Stomach upsets, specifically diarrhea, and vaginal discharge (Senok et al., 2005). There is however major concern regarding quality, labelling and verification of claims to probiotic products. Studies have found in a number of probiotic products tested that they had incorrect labelling, markedly reduced numbers of probiotic strains, and worryingly the presence of strains not included on the labels including the potential pathogenic strain Enterococcus faecium (Senok et al., 2005). Enterococcus faecium has been associated with causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis or endocarditis. There has been a call for international consensus on evaluating the efficacy and safety of such products.
Importance of daptomycin dosage on the clinical outcome in liver transplant recipients with vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Ing-Kit Lee, Yi-Ping Sng, Wei-Feng Li, Chao-Long Chen, Chih-Chi Wang, Chih-Che Lin, I-Ling Chen
Although enterococci are constituents of the normal bacterial flora of the lower gastrointestinal tract in humans, they have become one of the most common causes of healthcare-associated infections in the intensive care unit setting and in immunocompromised patients [1,2]. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium contribute to most of the enterococcal infections. These species exhibit decreased susceptibility to ampicillin as well as resistance to vancomycin [2,3]. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were first described in 1986 [4] and their prevalence has rapidly increased globally over the past decades especially among E. faecium, while in some regions such as the United States and Australia up to 50 % or more of all blood culture isolates of E. faecium are vancomycin-resistant [5,6]. In Taiwan, VRE isolate was first identified in 1996 [7]. Kuo et al reported the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium increasing from 65.2% in 2002–2007 to 87.5% in 2015 at one single university hospital in Taiwan [8].
Lippia graveolens HBK oleoresins, extracted by supercritical fluids, showed bactericidal activity against multidrug resistance Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus strains
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Oscar de Jesús Calva-Cruz, Nallely S. Badillo-Larios, Antonio De León-Rodríguez, Eduardo Espitia-Rangel, Raúl González-García, Edgar Alejandro Turrubiartes-Martinez, Arnulfo Castro-Gallardo, Ana Paulina Barba de la Rosa
Enterococci are microorganisms located mainly in the human gut and are also found in human feces. Once considered as bacteria of minimal clinical impact, Enterococci, particularly Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium have now emerged as one of the main causes of human clinical infections [5]. Actually, E. faecalis is responsible for twice as many healthcare-associated infections as those reported by E. faecium, both being the most common species associated with human disease [6]. Their importance is reinforced by their intrinsic and acquired resistance to several antibiotics, which makes them difficult to treat and sometimes are fatal, as in the case of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococci [7]. On other hand, Staphylococcus species are amongst the most frequently isolated bacteria in hospital settings and have been involved in many infections in humans, such as skin and soft tissue infections, surgical sites, and wound infections. From these, S. aureus has been detected in hospital wastewaters, specifically, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a reason for concern because it has become one of the main causes of infection in both hospital and community settings [8,9].
Reducing infectious complications after allogeneic stem cell transplant
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2020
Andrea Bacigalupo, Elisabetta Metafuni, Viviana Amato, Ester Marquez Algaba, Livio Pagano
The mortality of gram-positive BSI is reported to be low (less than 5%) [25]. Enterococci are the cause of 10–12% of gram-positive BSI in HSCT patients. Enterococci infections usually occur in the first post-transplant period and are usually nosocomial. Enterococcus faecium is the predominant species. The incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Western Europe is relatively low in comparison to the incidence in the USA [26]. VRE bacteremia in HSCT recipients has significant consequences especially in neutropenic subjects, during the pre-engrafments phase: indeed, despite being considered to be a relatively nonvirulent pathogen, it can cause septic shock [27,28]. In order to prevent VRE infection, clinicians should carefully consider the use of vancomycin treatment and antimicrobial agents with anti-anaerobic coverage. In addition, active surveillance has also been recommended, with rectal and stool cultures to identify colonized patients, although, the effectiveness of active surveillance is controversial [29].