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Nosocomial Pneumonia Caused by Acinetobacter spp.
Published in E. Bergogne-Bénézin, M.L. Joly-Guillou, K.J. Towner, Acinetobacter, 2020
Jean Chastre, Jean-Louis Trouillet, Albert Vuagnat, Marie-Laure Joly-Guillou
As described in Chapters 4 and 5, Acinetobacter baumannii is now recognised to be the Acinetobacter species associated with the majority of human infections caused by this genus, including nosocomial outbreaks of pulmonary infection (Allen and Hartman, 1990; Bergogne-Bérézin and Joly-Guillou, 1991). While nosocomial infections caused by Acinetobacter spp. remain relatively uncommon, accounting for <1% of the burden of endemic infections in most hospitals (Centers for Disease Control, 1987), a number of outbreaks of nosocomial pulmonary infection have been described in ICUs, and the role played by these organisms in ventilator-associated pneumonia is obviously increasing (Buxton et al., 1978; Castle et al., 1978; Cunha et al., 1980; Stone and Das, 1985; Hartstein et al., 1988; Vandenbroucke-Grauls et al., 1988; Cefai et al., 1990; Bergogne-Bérézin and Joly-Guillou, 1991). Regardless of the bacteriological method used to define the cause of pneumonia precisely, several studies have reported that about 3-5% of nosocomial pneumonias are caused by Acinetobacter (Centers for Disease Control, 1987; Craven et al., 1990). In patients with pneumonia enrolled in the National Nosocomial Infection Study (Schaberg et al., 1991), this organism accounted for 4% of the total number of pulmonary infections, and was ranked in seventh position in the list of pathogens identified most frequently in the survey, while it was not included in this list in 1984, and was in tenth position in 1988 (Table 6.1).
Acinetobacter baumannii
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-negative, non-fermenting coccobacillus. Its natural habitat is soil and water. Acinetobacter baumannii is difficult to decolourize with Gram stain and may be misidentified for a Gram-positive bacterium. As it is catalase positive, it may initially be misidentified for a Staphylococcus aureus. Although usually Acinetobacter baumannii may represent colonization when cultured from non-sterile samples, it has the potential to cause difficult-to-treat opportunistic infections. In fact, in some regions of the world, it is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections. It can persist in the environment for a prolonged time and has multiple resistance mechanisms by which it causes prolonged outbreaks and severe, difficult-to-treat infections. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the following.
Cefoperazone and Cefoperazone–Sulbactam
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Acinetobacter baumannii infections are typically encountered in hospitalized patients; the choice of appropriate antimicrobial therapy is limited by the fact that resistance rates to many antimicrobial agents can be very high (Cisneros et al 1996; Halstead et al., 2007).
What are the considerations for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Kittiya Jantarathaneewat, Bernard Camins, Anucha Apisarnthanarak
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a ubiquitous pathogen which can be found in the environment (e.g. soil and food) and hospitals (e.g. hospital surfaces, tap water, and the sink). A. baumannii causes a wide range of hospital-acquired infections and has emerged as a very difficult-to-treat pathogen, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. It has been associated with 8–35% mortality [1]. The global incidence of A. baumannii infections is estimated to be 600,000 to 1,400,000 cases per year of which half are carbapenem-resistant [2]. Endemic areas for multidrug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii include both South and Southeast Asia, as well as Southern and Eastern European countries. MDR-A. baumannii infections are associated with 2.6 times higher mortality rate compared to infections caused by susceptible strains [3]. Furthermore, A. baumannii infections are often polymicrobial and differentiating infection from colonization can be difficult [4]. Pan drug-resistant A. baumannii (PDRAB) is increasingly reported worldwide [5] and, is associated with significant excess mortality [6] with few treatment options [7]. By definition PDRAB is resistant to all available antibiotics therefore synergistic combinations are often the only treatment options [8]. Data regarding synergistic combinations against PDRAB are mainly based on in vitro experiments, few animal models and small case series or reports [8]. Furthermore, the methodology for identifying synergistic combinations against PDRAB is often problematic [9].
Charge effect of water-soluble porphyrin derivatives as a prototype to fight infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii by aPDT approaches
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Carolina da Silva Canielles Caprara, Livia da Silva Freitas, Bernardo Almeida Iglesias, Lara Beatriz Ferreira, Daniela Fernandes Ramos
Acinetobacter baumannii strains have been considered to be one of the most successful pathogens in modern health because of their incredible ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance, which drives the emergence of new compounds with significant antimicrobial, selective, and non-toxic activity, in addition to new antimicrobial techniques that act more effectively and quickly than the current antibiotic protocols (Jackson et al. 2018; Bamidele et al. 2019). Antibacterial photodynamic therapy has been pointed to as an exciting alternative since 1904, when the first reports of successful photodynamic inactivation of bacteria were described (Cieplik et al. 2018). The most recent discoveries have shown that photoinactivation may act against microbes susceptible to clinically employed antimicrobial agents and resistant microorganisms, both in vitro and in vivo (Bamidele et al. 2019; da Fonseca et al. 2021), including against A. baumannii isolates, which is considered a life-threatening nosocomial pathogen (Dai et al. 2009; Wozniak et al. 2019; Li et al. 2020; da Fonseca et al. 2021; Fekrirad et al. 2021).
Contribution of NDM and OXA-type carbapenemases to carbapenem resistance in clinical Acinetobacter baumannii from Nigeria
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
David O. Ogbolu, Oyebode A. Terry Alli, Adeolu S. Oluremi, Y. Temilola Ogunjimi, D. Iyanu Ojebode, Veronica Dada, Olubunmi O. Alaka, Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko, Mark A. Webber
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen in humans, it poses little risk to healthy individuals, but generally causes infections in those with weakened immune systems. Specifically, invasive tools like catheters are factors that predispose to A. baumannii infections such as, meningitis, wound infection, septicaemia, urinary tract infections [1] and nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonia, especially in intensive care unit (ICU) patients [2,3]. It is an important cause of multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial infections worldwide [4]; compared to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) leading to it even been termed the ‘gram-negative MRSA’ [5]. A. baumannii has also been identified as an ESKAPE pathogen (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species), a group of pathogens with a high rate of antibiotic resistance that are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections [5].