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Behavioral and Convulsive Effects of Cocaine Metabolites: Mechanisms and Implications
Published in Richard J. Konkol, George D. Olsen, Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, 2020
Richard J. Konkol, Guy Schuelke
Our finding that some cocaine metabolites, such as EC and EME, block the excitatory effects of cocaine, BE, and possibly NBE leads to another testable treatment option. Administration of EC or EME may theoretically shift the balance of cocaine species in favor of those compounds producing behavioral suppressive effects. This speculation, while not yet applicable to man, could lead to experiments assessing the therapeutic value of this hypothesis. However, the full clinical spectrum due to EME or EC is yet to be defined.
Neonatal Seizures
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Some NBs with myoclonic seizures have been segregated into a special syndrome: early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) (28,29). The main criteria are erratic myoclonia (which may be accompanied by bilateral myoclonic jerks, partial seizures, or tonic spasms) occurring in NBs severely abnormal neurologically and with a burstsuppression EEG pattern. Aicardi (30) draws attention to the incidence of familial cases and the similarities between EME and some inborn errors of metabolism, especially nonketotic hyperglycinemia. In my experience with 29 NBs fitting the EME criteria, 6 had documented birth asphyxia, 5 showed congenital brain malformations, 8 had inborn errors of metabolism (4 of which had nonketotic hyperglycinemia), and 10 were cryptogenic. The asphyxiated babies had clinical and EEG evolutions that differed from the others, who had homogenous enough profiles to justify their grouping into the provisional EME syndrome (31).
Workers’ Compensation Case Evaluation
Published in Julie Dickinson, Anne Meyer, Karen J. Huff, Deborah A. Wipf, Elizabeth K. Zorn, Kathy G. Ferrell, Lisa Mancuso, Marjorie Berg Pugatch, Joanne Walker, Karen Wilkinson, Legal Nurse Consulting Principles and Practices, 2019
All lines of insurance and all states use independent medical evaluations, although other terms may be used, such as expert medical examination (EME) or defense medical examination (DME) (by request of the defense). An EME has the same basic goal and concept. Some states, such as Texas and New York, require specialized forms to be completed during the scheduling process. The LNC must be aware of state guidelines for scheduling and attending IMEs.
College students’ experiences with substance use at electronic music events: A qualitative study
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Ashley Falcon, Valerie A. Halstead, Brian E. McCabe
Electronic music events (EME) are one type of celebratory event known for heavy drinking, drug use, and accompanying harmful consequences.5–7 Thousands of these big, often outdoor, festivals take place globally over one or multiple days each year, drawing large (e.g., 100,000 or more attendees) crowds to listen to DJs playing electronic dance music and related genres. EME attract many young adults, including college students, who use substances like MDMA to experience feelings of euphoria, energy, and connection with other attendees. Among EME attendees in New York City from 2016 to 2019, the estimated prevalence of cocaine was 35%, MDMA was 29%, LSD was 17%, ketamine was 15%, GHB was 4%, and use of more than 3 drugs was 21%.5 Calling attention to the hazards of alcohol and drug use at EME, Palamar et al6 reported that at least one-third of EME attendees experienced an adverse effect of substance use in the past year, two-thirds related to alcohol. Of the 722 documented deaths at EME from 1999 to 2014, 13% (n = 96) were attributed to drug overdoses.7 Although some is known about substance use behaviors and consequences among EME attendees, little to nothing is known about college students’ experiences with alcohol and drugs at EME. This knowledge gap is pressing given that young adult college students already experience the highest rates of binge drinking and drug use.
Efavirenz-loaded intranasal microemulsion for crossing blood-CNS interfaces in neuronal-AIDS: pharmacokinetic and in vivo safety evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Chandrakant Kokare, Dhanashri Koli, Dnyandev Gadhave, Chandrashekhar Mote, Gajendra Khandekar
Safety and toxicological studies were performed to find out any sign of toxicity in body weight, behaviors, gross pathology and histopathology of experimental animals throughout the experiment. The male Wistar rats were used for 28 days intranasal sub-acute toxicity study. The treatment was provided in animals using a control, low, medium and high dose groups of EME and EMME nanoformulations via i.n. route. Two animals out of 6 of EME treated high dose group (4 mg/kg) died after 24 days and 1 animal died out of 6 animals of EMME treated high dose group (4 mg/kg) after 26 days of the treatment period. The low (1 mg/kg) and medium dose (2 mg/kg) groups treated with EME and EMME have not shown any significant change as well as did not reflect any morbidity in animals during the experimental period (Pokharkar et al. 2017). Hence, the higher dose of nanoformulations has quite toxic compared to low and medium dose that have nontoxic effect on rats.
De novo mutation in SLC25A22 gene: expansion of the clinical and electroencephalographic phenotype
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Antonio Gennaro Nicotera, Daniela Dicanio, Erica Pironti, Maria Bonsignore, Anna Cafeo, Stephanie Efthymiou, Patrizia Mondello, Vincenzo Salpietro, Henry Houlden, Gabriella Di Rosa
OS is a rare and severe disease affecting infants within the first 3 months of life. Tonic spasms are the most common seizures and can occur as a cluster or single episodes and be refractory to treatment. Focal and myoclonic seizures can also occur. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is characterized by a burst-suppression pattern both in waking and sleeping states (Mastrangelo & Leuzzi, 2012). OS phenotype caused by SLC25A22 mutations mostly overlaps with other OS forms associated with other genes’ mutations (i.e.: CDKL5 or ARX) (Sartori et al., 2011). It is featured by myoclonic seizures within the first month of life and late-onset tonic spasms, hypotonia, microcephaly, abnormal visual evoked potential (VEP), and electroretinogram (Mastrangelo & Leuzzi, 2012). EME is a rare epileptic encephalopathy characterized by erratic myoclonus and refractory partial seizures with neonatal or early infantile-onset and suppression-burst EEG pattern during sleep. EME may be caused by metabolic disorders, such as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia and organic acidemias, or genetic disorders due to mutations in ERBB4, SIK1, SLC25A22, KCNQ2 and GABRB2 genes (Giacomini et al., 2019; Mastrangelo & Leuzzi, 2012). MMPSI is a severe and rare epileptic encephalopathy. EEG abnormalities involve different regions of the brain, migrating from one region to another one and leading to focal seizures, which are typically multifocal, independent, and drug-resistant. To date, KCNT1, PLCB1, SCN1A, SCN8A, TBC1D24 and SLC25A22 are the genes associated with MMPSI (Poduri et al., 2013; Striano, Coppola, Zara, & Nabbout, 2014).