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HIV and AIDS
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Prevention efforts have focused on these risk factors and from the beginning, prevention programs in IDUs have been community-based, using mobile vans, storefronts and street corners to directly reach known at-risk populations and connect them to prevention programs, HIV testing, and care and treatment services. Needle and syringe programs that provide or exchange sterile equipment have been consistently shown to be highly effective at reducing new HIV infections, often also providing counseling, safer-sex education, HIV testing and referrals to drug treatment programs. The first comprehensive needle exchange programs were established in North America in 1988. Despite their proven success, there has never been consistent federal funding for needle/syringe supply programs so their distribution is inconsistent, based on state funding and community support.137 Medication-assisted addiction treatment programs where drugs like methadone are substituted for opioids are effective treatment for drug dependence, eliminating risk behaviors associated with injection drug use and preventing HIV transmission. IDUs who do not enter addiction treatment programs are up to 6 times more likely to become infected with HIV. Again, funding is a critical deterrent to access to treatment for drug dependence.138 HIV infection in IDUs is an ongoing problem: with the recent dramatic increase in opioid abuse in the United States, there have been community outbreaks of HIV infection related to injection of these drugs.139
Drug Withdrawal: Recognition and Treatment
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Withdrawal is most readily identified and managed with a knowledge of the setting in which it occurs, its precise time relationship to cessation of drug use, and its characteristic symptoms and signs. The setting of a withdrawal syndrome is use of alcohol, other depressants, or opiates to the point of tolerance. For alcohol the use must be daily and of at least 2 weeks in duration, but for opiates daily use for less than a week is probably sufficient. Table 51 reminds the reader of the timing after drug cessation when the events of detoxification occur.
Teachers’ Perceptions about the Implementation of Substance Use Prevention Programs for Junior High School Students in Aceh, Indonesia
Published in Teuku Tahlil, Hajjul Kamil, Asniar, Marthoenis, Challenges in Nursing Education and Research, 2020
Teuku Tahlil, Budi Satria, Teuku Samsul Bahri
Several researchers, especially in developed countries, have tried to develop various strategies to prevent and stop drug use. Existing research results (Faggiano et al., 2010; Guo, Lee, Liao, & Huang, 2015; Thomas, Lorenzetti, & Spragins, 2011) showed that school-based programs could prevent/stop drug use. However, scientific evidence related to the results of research on the effectiveness of the program in Indonesia and in other developing countries is still lacking. Systematic reviews that have been carried out revealed that the school-based drug prevention intervention program was very limited in Indonesia, in which the reviews also highlighted the need for a strong scientific foundation and further research. Based on the discussion above, the present study aimed to identify teachers’ perceptions about the implementation of substance use prevention programs for junior high school students in the Aceh Province in particular, and Indonesia in general.
Leveraging technology to address unhealthy drug use in primary care: Effectiveness of the Substance use Screening and Intervention Tool (SUSIT)
Published in Substance Abuse, 2022
Jennifer McNeely, Medha Mazumdar, Noa Appleton, Amanda M. Bunting, Antonia Polyn, Steven Floyd, Akarsh Sharma, Donna Shelley, Charles M. Cleland
Adult patients presenting to clinic with a scheduled follow-up appointment with a participating PCP were invited to screen for study eligibility. These patients were consecutively approached in the waiting area by a research assistant (RA), who asked them to give verbal consent to complete a ‘questionnaire about health behavior’. Screening was self- administered on the SUSIT tablet in the waiting area, prior to the PCP visit. The RA offered those who met eligibility criteria participation in the study. Patients who screened ineligible were informed by the RA of the reason for ineligibility. Those with high-risk alcohol/drug use were offered a printed handout describing addiction treatment resources located at the main study hospital, and were recommended to speak with the clinic social worker or addiction counselor. For the SUSIT condition, consent for study participation included sharing screening results with the PCP. Following the PCP visit, patients met with the RA to complete the baseline assessments described below, and received a $20 cash payment.
Associations of deviant peer affiliation with youths’ substance use disorder abstention motivation: The mediating role of perceived social support and the moderating role of collective identity
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2022
By the end of 2018, there were 2.404 million people with substance use disorder in China, 52 percent of them between the ages of 18 and 35. Methamphetamine has replaced heroin as the most abused drug in China (China National Narcotic Control Committee, 2018). Drug abuse not only causes serious damage to the physical and mental health of persons with substance use disorder, it also takes a toll on their families and makes them threats to public safety (Krishnan et al., 2016). Drug addiction is a physiological, psychological, and social maladjustment phenomenon characterized by repeated drug use. In the past, although remarkable advances have been made in understanding persons with substance use disorder, and the influence of treatment, society and pharmacology, little is known about the psychosocial processes that lead to the cessation of addictive behavior (Fiorentine & Hillhouse, 2003). At present, the research on the theoretical basis of relapse is not mature, and the influencing factors and neural mechanisms that lead to addiction and relapse are still unclear (Miles et al., 2019). Clinicians have found that psychological dependence on drugs is one of the most important reasons for relapse, while motivation is a key factor and an effective index of behavioral change (Zeng et al., 2019).
Development and validation of a tramadol misuse quitting self-efficacy scale: a Nigerian version
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Orfega Zwawua, Rohani Ismail, Mohd Azhar Mohd Yasin, Norhayati Mohd Noor, Targema Iorvaa
The psychophysical symptoms and the social pressures that characterize the period of withdrawal and recovery from addictive drugs, including tramadol, have made quitting a challenging task for drug users. Withdrawal symptoms like body weakness, body pain, dizziness, and headache, restlessness in addition to pressure from friends and exposure to drug-use provoking situations have been instrumental to failed attempts to quit drug use in spite of the willingness to discontinue, and the resources committed into the process (Fauziah et al., 2011; Nikmanesh et al., 2017; Olubunmi & Adedotun, 2020). Withdrawing and recovering from drug use generally requires a high level of self-efficacy, defined as the confidence in one’s ability to successfully execute behaviors needed to produce the desired outcome (Kadden & Litt, 2011). Self-efficacy generally has to do with the belief in one’s capabilities to achieve a certain goal or task. It has been identified as an important element in any behavioral change (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997).