China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Orthomolecular Parenteral Nutrition Therapy
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Arturo O'Byrne-Navia, Arturo O'Byrne-De Valdenebro
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is an endogenous antioxidant, also known as tioctic acid. It is synthetized at the mitochondria from cysteine and caprylic acid as precursors. From the chemical point of view, ALA is the 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid. It can neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) both in aqueous and lipid cellular regions, since it can have lipophilic and/or hydrophilic affinities.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Published in Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell, Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell
a-Lipoic acid is known by various chemical names including thioctic acid, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid and 1,2-dithiolane-3-valeric acid. It was discovered in 1937 as a growth factor for potatoes by Snell et al.3 In the 1950s, Reed and co-workers4,5 isolated and characterized the compound. Although initially described as a vitamin, a-lipoic acid was later discovered to be synthesized by plants and animals.6,7
Current and Future Perspectives of Marine Drugs for Cancer Disorders: A Critical Review
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Bhaskaran Mahendran, Thirumalaraju Vaishnavi, Vishakante Gowda, Johurul Islam, Narahari Rishitha, Arunachalam Muthuraman, Rajavel Varatharajan
Mangrove plants are specialized properties to grow in different environmental setup. The roots of this plant are developed from mud gathered and trees grow upward. This plant plays a large and important role in the maintaining of ecosystems. It’s grown in the saltwater zones, i.e., between water and land (Hardoim et al., 2015). Further, it has properties of physiological adaptations to overcome the various environmental problems like anoxia, high salinity, and frequent tidal inundation. Therefore, it has variable secondary metabolites depends on season and environmental stimuli. Thus, it has a variety of anti-cancer molecules. In folk medicine, mangroves parts play an important role in treats the multiple ailments (Kerry et al., 2018). The mangrove plants list and their compounds for the anticancer activity are summarized in Table 6.1. Sulfur-containing an alkaloid, 1,2-dithiolane (brugine, isolated form Bruguiera sexangula) is used for the arresting of tumor cell growth. In addition, tannin of this plant also showed potential anti-cancer actions against the lung carcinoma. Further, the ribose derivative of 2-benzoxazoline (isolated from Acanthus ilicifolius) is also shown anticancer as well as antiviral activity (Sithranga Boopathy and Kathiresan, 2010). Moreover, the tea extraction of Ceriops decandra is produced by the dimethyl benz[a]anthracine-induced oral cancer (Das et al., 2015, Sithranga Boopathy and Kathiresan, 2010). In spite of enriched resources of secondary metabolites, the major mangrove floras are also had additional anticancer compounds, whereas the screening of these compounds is still unexplored. Therefore, the detailed study of mangrove plants and flora based discovery of newer anti-cancer molecules are urgent requirements to bring the lead compounds for cancer therapy.
Co-drug of isoniazid and sulfur containing antioxidant for attenuation of hepatotoxicity and treatment of tuberculosis
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Neha V. Bhilare, Suneela S. Dhaneshwar, Kakasaheb R. Mahadik, Arunava Dasgupta
Isonicotinic acid N′-(5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoyl)-hydrazide, M.P.: 173–175 °C (uncorrected), Rf: 0.72 (ethyl acetate: methanol: GAA; 0.5:1.5:0.02; v/v/v), Aq. Sol.: 91 mg/mL, Log Poct: 0.31, IR (anhydrous KBr; cm−1): 3393 (NH str, sec amide); 2815 (CH str, CH2) 1698 (C = O str, CHCONH), 1673 (C = O str, aromatic CONH); 1573 (C–N str pyridine ring) 1323 (CH bend, CH2) ; 759 (N–N sym wag, hydrazinic chain); 633 (S–S str, dithiolane ring) 1H-NMR (CDCl3; 400 MHz): δ 1.18–1.22 [m, 2H]–CH2, 1.48–1.54 [m, 2H]–CH2,1.57–1.69 [m, 2H]-CH2, 2.18–2.20 [t, 2H]-CH2, 2.21–2.46 [m, 2H]–CH2–CH2–S-dithiolane ring, 3.02–3.05 [t, 2H] CH2–S, 3.46–3.61 [t, 1H] CH–S, 7.83–7.85 [d, 2H]-pyridine ring, 8.78–8.80 [d, 2H]-pyridine ring,10.38 [s, 2H]–NH 13C-NMR (CDCl3; 400 MHz): 24.90, 28.05, 33.56, 34.77, 39.98, 40.19, 56.72, 121.90, 139.05, 150.72, 164.56, 176.72 MS: m/z ratio: 325.19 (C14H19N3O2S2, predicted: 325.45), Elemental analysis: Calculated for C14H19N3O2S2: C, 51.67; H, 5.88; N, 12.91; S, 19.71, Found: C, 51.62; H, 5.85; N, 12.88; S, 19.68.
How can we improve the design of small molecules to target thioredoxin reductase for treating cancer?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Prodrugs are molecules that are activated and converted into pharmacologically active drugs after administration. As TrxR is generally overexpressed in different types of tumors, the development of TrxR-dependent prodrugs is also a strategy to treat tumors. In our efforts to develop the TRFS series fluorescent probes of TrxR, we disclosed that the 1,2-dithiolane (five-membered cyclic disulfide) scaffold could be reduced by TrxR exclusively [15,16]. Based on this discovery, we prepared a first TrxR-dependent prodrug S-Gem and demonstrated that S-Gem shows TrxR-dependent cytotoxicity [17]. Compared to the inhibition of TrxR for cancer treatment, the success of S-Gem provides a completely new strategy to develop therapeutic molecules that target TrxR. We expect that the 1,2-dithiolane unit may be a general scaffold to construct TrxR-dependent prodrugs.
Recent development and biomedical applications of self-healing hydrogels
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Yinan Wang, Christian K. Adokoh, Ravin Narain
Varghese et al. found that a rapid self-healing acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid (A6ACA)-containing hydrogel showed an optimal balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions that allows its side chains to bind to exogenous metal ions and to extracellular proteins. In a gastric tissue that is typically exposed to low pH, the self-healable A6ACA hydrogel adhered well to the gastric mucosa and released the pre-loaded tetracycline through diffusion (Figure 12). They proposed this hydrogel can be potentially used as self-repairing coatings and sealants, tissue adhesives, and soft actuators [1]. Another dynamic self-healing hydrogel formed from thiol/disulfide exchange of thiol-functionalized F127 and dithiolane-modified PEG was developed by Yu and coworkers [84]. The thermo-responsivity endows it with a rapid sol–gel transition ability at body temperature; hence, the as-prepared hydrogel can be used as an injectable hydrogel. The increased reactivity of the disulfides of cyclic dithiolane due to the ring tension makes the hydrogel self-heal under not only alkaline conditions but also neutral or even mildly acidic conditions.