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Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial and Other Beneficial Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic)
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
These compounds can be classified on the basis of sulfur-containing functional groups; a few of them are methionine, dibenzothiophene, lipoic acid, allicin, diphenyl disulfide, sulfanilamide, cysteine and penicillin. Allium is among those vegetables that are really known for their distinct flavours and smell, for which a range of organosulfur constituents are accountable (Brewster, 2008). Allicin is beneficial against a broader spectrum of microbes compared to conventional antibiotics (Borlinghaus et al., 2014). Allicin does not present in garlic until it is cut or crushed (Blackwood & Fulder, 1986). Mashing or cutting the garlic bulb invigorates the enzyme alliinase (Walag et al., 2020), which converts alliin to allicin (Block, 1985). Organosulfur compounds drawn out and separated from garlic are often researched with reference to their in vivo antioxidant properties (Yin & Cheng, 2003).
Xenobiotic C-sulfonate derivatives; metabolites or metabonates?
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
In addition to O- and N-sulfonates, there is tentative evidence that xenobiotic S-sulfonates (more correctly; thiosulfates, sulfenyl sulfites, Bunte salts) may exist. Following the administration of thiophenol to rabbits, “ethereal sulphate” levels rose in the urine but the actual formation of an aryl thiosulfate was not proven (Parke, 1952; Williams, 1959). However, thiophenol is readily oxidized to diphenyl disulfide, which may then react with sulfite (via reduction of PAPS) to regenerate thiophenol and yield phenylthiosulfate (Roy, 1971). Such a thiosulfate may be unstable in living systems, although other compounds including S-sulfocysteine and the thiosulfate esters derived from cysteamine and glutathione are known to occur naturally (Roy & Trudinger, 1970). Indeed, S-sulfoglutathione has been shown to be a component of the lens of calf eyes (Waley, 1959). Incubation of 4-nitrobenzylthiol ([4-nitrophenyl]methanethiol) in rat liver cytosol fortified with PAPS (plus EDTA, pH 6.0, anaerobic conditions) enabled the formation of 4-nitrobenylthiosulfate but when incubation occurred in a less acidic medium (pH 7.4) this conjugate was not detected, and even when produced it has been shown to readily bind covalently with protein residues indicating its reactive instability (Mika et al., 1988; Watabe et al., 1985,1986).