China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Other Reactions from Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
T. Bullock, A. Sood, J.S. Taylor
Pyrethroid insecticides (cypermethrin and beta-cyfluthrin) from an insect sprayer were reported to have caused chemical leukoderma on the head, trunk, and extremities of a patient who worked for 15 years spraying insecticides.94 Hexamethylenetetramine, a chemical found in adhesives and sealants, was reported to cause chemical leukoderma in a factory worker who mixed adhesives, chemicals, and other raw materials together to produce automobile materials.95 In China, two cases of chemical leukoderma due to dimethyl sulfate, a chemical used in the production of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and pesticides, were recently described.96
Corrosives
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Dimethyl sulfate is used in organic synthesis. The lethal dose is 1–5 g. The exposure limit is 0.1 ppm. Diethyl sulfate is also used in organic synthesis. The lethal dose is probably in excess of 10 g. No exposure limit has been established.
Discovery of RNA-targeted small molecules through the merging of experimental and computational technologies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
The most widely used chemical probing methods employ dimethyl sulfate (DMS), which modifies the bases of non-Watson–Crick paired or single-stranded nucleotides [63], and selective 2’-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) reagents, which modifies the ribose groups of dynamic nucleotides [64,65]. The results of DMS and SHAPE chemical probing are read out using primer extension-truncation and adapter-ligation to create libraries to be analyzed by massive parallel sequencing. However, the reactivities obtained from these methods may be inaccurate due to: (1) low signal levels, (2) biases introduced by the truncation–adapter-ligation steps [66,67], (3) the presence of naturally occurring modified nucleotides and stable secondary structures that result in unwanted truncation, and (4) improper statistical analysis. Thus, DMS mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) [68] and SHAPE-MaP (Figure 2(a)) were developed to overcome these limitations.
Synthetic lethality on drug discovery: an update on cancer therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
M. Shahar Yar, Kashif Haider, Vivek Gohel, Nasir Ali Siddiqui, Ahmed Kamal
In the perspective of the treatment of cancer, PARP inhibitors originally proposed as chemosensitizers; PARP 1 has a well-defined role in DNA repair, and the PARP 1-deficient cells especially responsive to certain injure DNA compounds. In the early 1980s, 3-aminobenzamide shown to enhance the cytotoxic effects of DNA methylating agent of dimethyl sulfate and a variety of preclinical studies have shown that PARP inhibitors enhance the effects of temozolomide, another DNA methylating agent. The findings led to the clinical judgment of the PARP inhibitor along with temozolomide, with encouraging results in individuals with metastatic melanoma. Inhibition of PARP can amplify the effects of agents such as temozolomide by inhibiting base excision repair proteins, the main path to repair some DNA lesions produced by methylating agent. Additional combination therapies has also been suggested, especially PARP inhibitors with either radiotherapy or topoisomerase I inhibitor [32] and clinical trials examined the PARP inhibitor combination therapy with carboplatin, dacarbizine, irinotecan, topotecan or radiotherapy with temozolomide is ongoing. FDA approved PARP inhibitors include drugs niraparib (ovarian cancer), rucaparib (ovarian cancer), olaparib (prostate/ovarian/breast cancer), and drug in Phase 4 talazoparib (EMBRACA) [19] (Figure 4).
Preparation and Evaluation of N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles of Flurbiprofen for Ocular Delivery
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
Ujwala A. Shinde, Prajakta N. Joshi, Divya D. Jain, Kavita Singh
TMC was synthesized by the method reported by Britto et al.12 The quaternization was carried out using dimethyl sulfate as the alkylating agent. As the quaternization reaction is known to be affected by reaction conditions, the yield of TMC was optimized by changing the process variables such as time and temperature. During the first reaction condition, i.e., R6H, the starting material, i.e., chitosan did not completely dissolve in the solution; instead, it turned into a sticky mass. In the case of reaction condition of T15M, the reactant, i.e., chitosan was completely dissolved in the reaction mixture leading to the formation of a clear liquid. The resultant quaternized derivative was then subjected to dialysis for purification followed by lyophilization. With reaction condition of T1H, a clear solution was obtained; however, it was observed that as the reaction time proceeds, the water from the reaction evaporated leading to the charring of the product. Thus, it was concluded that complete alkalinization takes place at 70°C and the reaction condition of 70°C for 15 min was found to be suitable for the synthesis.