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Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Zoltan M. Dinya, Ferenc J. Sztaricskai
4-O-Monoglycosides: The most important representatives of this group are streptomycins and bluensomycins. In addition to streptomycin A [(46),R1=CHO], the semisynthetic dihydrostreptomycin[(46),R1=CH2OH], is also widely used in practice, and thus the analytical assay of these antibiotics is well established, and is based on spectrophotometric and colorimetric procedures. These methods, elaborated elsewhere, can be divided into five groups the so-called maltol method, the reactions of the guanidino group, color reactions of the carbohydrate units, the reactions of the aldehyde group, and additional color reactions. Most of the analytical procedures used today were established in the 1950s and 1960s. More recently Duda et al. [140] introduced the use of thiobarbituric acid for estimation of streptomycin.
Toward Clinical Pharmacologic Otoprotection
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Colleen G. Le Prell, Kelly Roth, Kathleen C. M. Campbell
Because the basal cochlea is damaged first, high-frequency hearing loss is typically the earliest ototoxic effect that can be detected during monitoring (Fausti et al., 1984, 1992). A challenge for clinical trials assessing otoprotection is that protection may be over (or under) estimated, given the potential for progression of existing hearing loss, which has been observed in nonhuman primates receiving dihydrostreptomycin (Stebbins et al., 1979) and human patients receiving amikacin for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (Melchionda et al., 2013). Any patient treated with aminoglycoside antibiotics should be counseled to avoid loud sound as the ear may be at increased risk for noise injury during and after treatment with ototoxic aminoglycosides (Li and Steyger, 2009).
Developmental Pharmacology of Aminoglycosides and Vancomycin
Published in Sam Kacew, Drug Toxicity and Metabolism in Pediatrics, 1990
Gideon Koren, Julia Klein, Monica Bologa
Because of the wide use of streptomycin against tuberculosis, the ototoxic potential of aminoglycosides became apparent quite early in their clinical use. The withdrawal of dihydrostreptomycin from treatment of tuberculosis and of systemic neomycin use was based on their high rate of Ototoxicity. Animal studies have shown that aminoglycosides damage hair cells in the organ of Corti. It was postulated that, similar to the renal tubular cell, aminoglycosides are bound to a lipid receptor.3
Effects of irradiation in the mandibular bone loaded with dental implants. An experimental study with a canine model
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Sridhar Reddy Padala, Pekka Asikainen, Timo Ruotsalainen, Jopi JW Mikkonen, Tuomo S Silvast, Arto P. Koistinen, Engelbert A.J.M. Schulten, Chris M. Ten Bruggenkate, Arja M. Kullaa
Three months after ending the radiation sessions, the dental implants were inserted in the mandible under intravenous anesthesia. The implants, all fabricated of commercially pure titanium, were placed in both edentulous premolar sites. In total, 20 dental implants were inserted: four in each dog, two on the irradiated side, and two on the non-irradiated side of the mandible. This study design resulted in 10 test implants and 10 controls. The titanium implants were hollow cylinders, specifically fabricated for the present study (Straumann AG, Waldenberg, Switzerland). The diameter of the implants was 3 mm, and the insertion depth was 6 mm. The wounds were closed while exposing the supra-gingival implant parts but constrained by biting movements. All implants presented good primary stability. Procaine penicillin with dihydrostreptomycin, 1 ml/10 kg (Combiotic, Pfitzer, Switzerland) was administered daily post-operatively for 1 week.
Safety considerations of current drug treatment strategies for nosocomial pneumonia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Adrian Ceccato, Pierluigi Di Giannatale, Stefano Nogas, Antoni Torres
Aminoglycosides are a second-line option in the treatment of NP, having activity against gram-negative bacilli, including P. aeruginosa, and synergism with beta-lactams. Commonly prescribed aminoglycosides are amikacin, gentamicin, or tobramycin, and the most common side effects are nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Nephrotoxicity appears in 10%–25% of cases, in which it occurs due to tubular necrosis [51,52] and presents as non-oliguric renal failure with elevated creatinine levels. Women and patients with liver disease are at increased risk of nephrotoxicity, and the concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may exacerbate this toxicity [53,54]. Recovery is typical after drug withdrawal after short treatments [55]. Concerning ototoxicity, aminoglycosides generate free radicals within the inner ear that damage to sensory cells and neurons, resulting in permanent hearing loss. Aminoglycoside use can therefore be limited by vestibulotoxicity or cochleotoxicity, and care should be taken to monitor for clinical symptoms/signs of vestibular compromise, such as dizziness, ataxia, or nystagmus. Streptomycin and gentamicin are mainly vestibulotoxic, whereas amikacin, neomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, and kanamycin are mainly cochleotoxic. Cochlear compromise simply presents with hearing loss [56].
The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Lucrezia Bottalico, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Maria Assunta Potenza, Monica Montagnani, Luigi Santacroce
Representative drugs – Aminoglycosides are divided according to the categories into narrow-spectrum aminoglycosides, such as streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, and broad-spectrum aminoglycosides, such as neomycin, gentamicin, spectinomycin, and apramyc (Figure 4).