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Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Numerous alkaloids have been reported from the celandine: allocryptopine, berberine, cheladimine, chelamine, chelerythrine, chelidamine, chelidonine, chelilutine, chelirubine, choline, coptisine, corysamine, dihydrosanguinarine, homochelidonine, hydroxychelidon-ine, hydroxysanguinanine, methoxychelidonine, oxychelidonine, oxysanguinarine, proto-pine, sanguinarine, sparteine, stylopine, and tetrahydrocoptisine.91 Since chelerythrine is described as “narcotic” by Grieve (meaning poisonous), there has been quite an interest in celandine in the counterculture. Sanguinarine stimulates intestinal paralysis and salivary secretions.16
Molecular Biology Tools to Boost the Production of Natural Products
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Luzia Valentina Modolo, Samuel Chaves-Silva, Thamara Ferreira da Silva, Cristiane Jovelina da-Silva
The pharmacological proprieties of plant natural products belonging to the class of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) have caught the attention of synthetic biologists. For instance, BIAs such as oxycodone, hydrocodone and hydromorphine are opioid analgesics supplied by pharmaceutical companies using semi-synthesis approaches. It was recently estimated that P. somniferum (opium poppy) was cultivated in approximately 100,000 hectares to obtain 800 tons of thebaine or morphine (natural precursors of semisynthetic BIAs) to meet the medical demand of analgesic opiods) (Galanie et al., 2015). Although some synthetic routes to provide morphine and derivatives are disclosed, none of them are commercially competitive or viable in large scale compared to the semisynthetic approach (Reed and Hudlicky, 2015). Efforts in synthetic biology have been made since the end of the 2000s to produce BIAs in microorganisms. S. cerevisiae was genetically modified to produce reticuline, a key intermediate of BIA's biosynthesis, from the commercially available (R,S)-norlaudanosoline (Hawkins and Smolke, 2008). A few years later, a fermentation system constituted from E. coli was developed to produce reticuline from simpler and cheaper carbon sources (Nakagawa et al., 2012). In 2014, researchers achieved the introduction of ten plant genes in S. cerevisiae, which in turn, resulted in the production of dihydrosanguinarine and sanguinarine, BIAs of notable antimicrobe and antineoplasic activities (Fossati et al., 2014). Additionally, 21 and 23 genes (of plants, mammalians and bacteria origin) were introduced to yeast strains to make them competent to produce thebaine and hydrocodone, respectively, from sugar (Galanie et al. 2015).
Coptidis Rhizoma: a comprehensive review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Jin Wang, Lin Wang, Guan-Hua Lou, Hai-Rong Zeng, Ju Hu, Qin-Wan Huang, Wei Peng, Xiang-Bo Yang
CR also contains other subtypes of alkaloids, such as magnoflorine (30) (Tomita and Kura 1956), which is an active ingredient belonging to the aporphine alkaloids. Moreover, some benzophenanthridine alkaloids can also be found in certain specific CR varieties. For example, sanguinarine (31), norsanguinarine (32), oxysanguinarine (33), and 6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydrosanguinarine (34) can be found in C. japonica (Maiti et al. 1982). CR also includes some small alkaloids, which are not representative compounds, such as chilenine (35) (Fan et al. 2014), Z-N-ferulyltyramine (36), E-N-feruloyltyramine (37), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenethyl) pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (38), and 4′-[formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-pyrrol-1-yl] butanoate (39) (Wang et al. 2007); and 8,9-dihydroxy-1,5,6,10-β-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,1-α]-isoquinolin-5-one (40), ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-5(S)-carboxylate (41) (Li et al. 2012), methyl-5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate (42), 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (43), and choline (44) (Chen et al. 2012; Li XG et al. 2012; Li ZF et al. 2012; Ma H et al. 2013).
Pharmacokinetics of chelerythrine and its metabolite after oral and intramuscular administrations in pigs
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Na-Jiao Zhao, Li-Li Wang, Zhao-Ying Liu, Qin Wang, Lei Liu, Zhi-Liang Sun, Yong Wu
As demonstrated in several studies, metabolism from CHE to DHCHE is the critical detoxification pathway of the drug in animals and humans, mainly occurring in the liver (Walterová et al. 1995; Ulrichová et al. 1996). No toxic reaction was observed in animals after oral DHCHE administration, and the cytotoxicity of DHCHE was lower than that of CHE (Das and Khanna 1997; Chmura et al. 2000). After single oral administration in this study, CHE and its DHCHE metabolite were detected in the plasma. In a previous study, CHE and its DHCHE metabolite were also measured in the plasma of chicken and rats after oral administration (Xie et al. 2015). The solid, lipid nanoparticle-liposome formulation of CHE has been suggested to improve the F and prolong the retention time in the systemic circulation (Li et al. 2013). As seen in rats and hens, we found that the concentration of CHE was higher than that of DHCHE in pigs. Moreover, CHE was rapidly absorbed and metabolized, with T1⁄2 values for CHE and DHCHE being 2.03 ± 0.26 h and 2.56 ± 1.00 h, respectively. Chelerythrine reached its Cmax (5.04 ± 1.00 ng/mL) at 1.83 ± 0.26 h (Tmax), and DHCHE achieved its Cmax (1.21 ± 0.35 ng/mL) at 1.67 ± 0.26 h (Tmax). The secondary peak was noted between 8 and 12 h. A study showed that a dihydrosanguinarine enterohepatic circulation was confirmed using rats with ligature of the biliary duct (Vrublova et al. 2008). Owing to the dihydrosanguinarine and chelerythrine have similar chemical structure, we supposed that enterohepatic circulation might occur after administration of CHE. The reabsorption of non-absorbed CHE from the GI tract could be another reason for the secondary peak.
Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of Macleaya cordata extracts in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Li-Xia Shen, Gao-Feng Liu, Ji-Shuang Song, Yu-Hang Cao, Xiong Peng, Rong-Rong Wu, Yan Cao, Xiao-Jun Chen, Zhaoying Liu, Zhi-Liang Sun, Yong Wu
The drug residues and pharmacokinetics of SA, CHE, dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA), and dihydrochelerythrine (DHCHE) in chicken were previously determined using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) (Xie et al. 2015). Hu et al. studied the pharmacokinetics of SA, CHE, and their metabolites in broilers using oral and intravenous administration (Hu et al. 2019). Another study found no toxicological effect on the health status and growth of weaned piglets after adding sanlovit (1000 mg·kg−1) to their feed, with no significant differences between males and females (Zhao et al. 2017) . Some studies have examined the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of SA and DHSA in male rats from a single intragastric administration of SA (10 mg·kg−1 body weight) (Vecera et al. 2007). Chelidonium majus L. extract was intragastrically administered to each rat at a dose of 0.4 mg·kg−1, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of five alkaloids were studied (Zhou et al. 2013) . Additionally, the metabolism and tissue distribution of CHE and its effects on quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) following intragastric administration of MCE in rats were examined (Huang et al. 2021). Our previous study found that NQO1 is involved in the metabolism of SA and CHE and that MCE-treated male and female rats showed different responses with NQO1 activity inhibited in males, but induced in females (Wu et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2021). Based on these previous studies, we speculated that the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of MCE would also show sex differences in rats. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue residue of SA and CHE after intragastric administration (two times a day, for 28 days) of MCE in rats. This study enriches our knowledge of the metabolism of MCE and expands on our understanding of its safety.