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Growth and Development of Medicinal Plants, and Production of Secondary Metabolites under Ozone Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Deepti, Archana (Joshi) Bachheti, Piyush Bhalla, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, Azamal Husen
In a single plant, the different secondary metabolites can behave differently under the same environmental conditions; for example, when ozone concentration was elevated, flavonoid (hyperoside) content of Betula pendula (Betulaceae) increases whereas the content of triterpenoids (papyriferic acid) and phenolics (dehydrosalidroside, hyperoside, betuloside) decreases (Lavola et al. 1994). Similarly, the tannin concentration of Pinus taeda (Pinaceae) increases, while there was no effect on phenol concentration when ozone concentrations increase (Jordan et al. 1991). Bortolin et al. (2016) studied the effect of ozone exposure on Capsicum baccatum. The results revealed that there was a decrease in the concentration of capsaicin, an active component of chilli peppers, whereas there was no effect in the concentration of dihydrocapsaicin. In Pinus strobes the concentration of phenolics decreases while there was no effect on terpenoid content (Shadkami et al. 2007). Other studies showed that the terpenes content in Brassica oleracea decreases (Pinto et al. 2007a, 2007b) while sesquiterpenes (jasmonic acid) in Lycopersicon esculentum (Zandra et al. 2006), terpenes in Phaseolus lunatus (Vuorinen et al. 2004) and Gossypium hirsutum (Booker 2000), and flavonoids in Acer saccharum (Sager et al. 2005) increase in elevated ozone concentration. Increased puerarin levels in Pueraria thomsonii were also the result of elevated ozone concentrations (Sun et al. 2012).
Tropical Herbs and Spices as Functional Foods with Antidiabetic Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arnia Sari Mukaromah, Fitria Susilowati
Capsaicinoids are major components in the chili pepper, which offers anti-diabetic activity. Moderate consumption of 4.4 mg of capsaicinoids daily induces glucose level, LDL cholesterol and CRP formation [48]. In addition, Korean red pepper prevented DM by activation of PPAR-y and AMPK [111]. The hypoglycemic effect of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin does not exhibit a synergistic effect. Natural capsaicinoid (capsaicin (66%) and dihydrocapsaicin (29%)) and capsaicin (95%) significantly showed a hypoglycemic effect. Capsaicinoids can elevate insulin level and reduces blood glucose levels, inhibit glucose absorption in the ileum [114].
Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
Dihydrocapsaicin (600) was also treated in the same manner as described earlier to afford w1-hydroxydihyrocpsaicin (598, 80.9%) in high yield and the carboxylic acid (599, 5.0%). Capsaicin itself showed carbachol-induced contraction of 60% in the bronchus at a concentration of 1 mmol/L. 11-Hydroxycapsicin (85) retained this activity of 60% at a concentration of 30 mmol/L. Dihydrocapsaicin (600) showed the same activity of contraction in the bronchus, at the same concentration as that used in capsaicin. However, the activity of contraction in the bronchus of 11-hydroxy derivative (598) showed weaker (50% at 30 mmol/L) than that of the substrate. Since both metabolites (597 and 598) are tasteless, these products might be valuable for the crude drug although the contraction in the bronchus is weak. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity test of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin derivatives was carried out. 11-Hydroxycapsaicin (597), 11-dihydrocapsaicin (598), and capsaicin (596) showed higher activity than (±)-α-tocopherol, and 11-dihydroxycapsaicin (598) displayed a strong scavenging activity (IC50 50 mmol/L) (Hashimoto and Asakawa, unpublished results) (Figure 23.167).
Effects of Calendula officinalis and Capsicum annum glycolic extracts on planktonic cells and biofilms of multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Ana Luiza do Rosário Palma, Pamela Beatriz do Rosário Estevam dos Santos, Thais Cristine Pereira, Maria Cristina Marcucci, Alexandra Cristina Helena Frankland Sawaya, Luciane Dias de Oliveira
Figure 2 shows the UHPLC-MS chromatograms in positive and negative modes. HPLC-DAD technique was used to analyze the C. annuum extract but without success. Then, UPLC-MS was used to identify some molecules in the extract. Analyzing the MS/MS spectra of the main peaks in negative mode, the presence of the mass ion 191 was observed, which is probably citric or isocitric acid, as shown in Figure 2(C). In the MS/MS spectra of the main peaks in positive mode, the presence of the mass ion 306 was observed, which is probably capsaicin, C18H27NO3, as shown in Figure 2(D). The MS/MS mass spectrum shown in Figure 2(E), in positive mode, is likely to be dihydrocapsaicin, C18H29NO3. Hamed et al. (2019) identified and quantified capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in C. annuum using HPLC with a fluorescence detector, which is different from that used in the present study - a diode array detector.
Influence of a Novel Food-Grade Formulation of Red Chili Extract (Capsicum annum) on Overweight Subjects: Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Ashil Joseph, MSc, Febi John, PhD, Jestin V. Thomas, MSc, Syam Das, PhD Sivadasan, Balu Maliakel, PhD, Ratheesh Mohan, PhD, Krishnakumar I. M.
Analytical standard of capsaicin with >98% purity (Cat. No. 12084), dihydrocapsaicin (Cat. No. 1200600) and nordihydrocapsaicin (Cat. No. PHL89254) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India. Capsifen (CAP) beadlets standardized to contain 4 mg of capsaicinoids produced in the GMP facility was provided by M/s Akay Natural Ingredients Ltd., Cochin, India. Capsifen used in the present study was found to contain a total of 2.8% capsaicinoids with a relative distribution of 1.8% (wt/wt) capsaicin, 0.84% (wt/wt) dihydroxycapsaicin (DC) and 0.16% (wt/wt) nordihydroxycapsaicin (NDC) and the beadlets were composed of about 35% (wt/wt) of chili (Capsicum annum) extract, 50% (wt/wt) fenugreek dietary fiber and 15% (wt/wt) cellulose.
Effect of capsaicin on breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/Abcg2) and pharmacokinetics of probe substrates in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Fen Chen, Liu Wang, Xuejia Zhai, Nanxi Wang, Yanjie Qin, Chaoran Zhu, Sanlan Wu, Yongning Lu
CAP is an agonist of TRPV1 receptors, which can cause burning and painful sensation on skin and mucus membranes (Julius and Basbaum 2001). CAP is also known to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and antifungal effects (Kurita et al. 2002; Nascimento et al. 2014). It can promote energy metabolism, suppress fat accumulation (Zhang et al. 2007) and reversibly open cellular tight junctions (Shiobara et al. 2013). CAP is absorbed by a nonactive process from the stomach and whole intestine (O'Neill et al. 2012). When CAP and dihydrocapsaicin reaches the liver, a major part is metabolised (O'Neill et al. 2012). In situ experiments in rats have shown that the intestinal elimination rate of CAP and dihydrocapsaicin is approximately equal to the concentration of radioactivity in mesenteric venous blood, indicating that presumably no metabolism take place in the gut lumen (Kawada et al. 1984). As BCRP is an efflux transporter which can transport substance with unchanged form, it may be the relation between CAP and sulfasalazine. An in vitro human investigation with hepatic microsomes and S9 fractions (used to investigate involvement of phase 2 metabolisms) showed that CAP was rapidly metabolised, producing three major metabolites, 16-hydroxycapsaicin, 17-hydroxycapsaicin and 16,17-hydroxycapsaicin, whereas vanillin was a minor metabolite (Chanda et al. 2008). They showed that CAP metabolism was less extensive at a concentration of 10 μM than at 1 μM (more than 50% direct inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19), and the authors suggest therefore that the rate of metabolism is saturable. This may be the reason of BCRP mRNA independence on CAP concentration.