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Percutaneous Absorption of Chemicals from Fabric (Textile) *
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
J. L. Bormann, A. S. F. Acipayam, H. I. Maibach
Several volatile organic compounds are encountered in the workplace, and percutaneous absorption of such compounds can occur.25 Morrison et al.20 studied dermal absorption of airborne phthalates under conditions of bare skin, clean cotton clothing, and cotton clothing exposed to phthalates for at least 1 week. Individuals wearing cotton clothing exposed to phthalates (diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate) for at least 1 week exhibited increased excretion of chemical metabolites in their urine, while clean cotton clothing was protective against dermal absorption. Compared to bare skin, exposed clothing led to 6.5 and 3.3 times higher absorption of diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate, respectively. Clean clothing resulted in 5.6 and 3.2 times lower dermal uptake of diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate, respectively, compared to bare skin (Table 21.2). A similar study by Morrison et al.21 found significantly higher levels of benzophenone-3 in the urine of individuals wearing clothing with previous exposure to airborne benzophenone-3 compared to that of urine samples from the same individuals before contact with the contaminated clothing (Table 21.2).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In 6 patients allergic to eugenol, ROATs with a maximum application time of 3 weeks with eugenol 0.5%, 0.05% and 0.005% wt./vol. in 2:98 diethyl phthalate/alcohol were negative (11). In serial dilution patch testing with concentrations ranging from 0.00006% to 2% vol./vol. in 2:98 diethyl phthalate/alcohol, minimum elicitation concentrations were 0.063% (n=2), 0.5% (n=1), 1% (n=1), 1.32% (n=1) and 2% (n=1) (11).
Phthalates
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Phthalates generally have low volatility, especially with increasing chain length.7 Phthalates can be divided into three categories based on the length of their ester side chain: low molecular weight, high molecular weight, and transitional or mid-molecular weight.8 Low molecular weight phthalates have short, straight side chains of three or less carbon atoms, while transitional phthalates can have side chains that are either straight or branched and contain four to six carbon atoms. The side chains of high molecular weight phthalates can have either a ring structure or a long, straight side chain with seven or more carbon atoms. Transitional phthalates with diester side chains in an ortho configuration on the benzene ring (like DEHP) appear to show the greatest toxic potential.9 The most commonly used phthalates are DEHP, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylphthalate (DEP)10; their properties are summarized in Table 109.1.
The use of design of experiments to develop hot melt extrudates for extended release of diclofenac sodium
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Mohammed Rohi Sanoufi, Ahmad Aljaberi, Iman Hamdan, Nizar Al-Zoubi
Nevertheless, a formulation based solely on the model drug and the polymers would have an extremely high viscosity and would be impossible to extrude. It would necessitate increasing the temperature to the point of charring the polymer and degrading the drug in the attempt of lowering the melt viscosity. Alternatively, the melt viscosity can be sufficiently reduced by the use of plasticizers. Plasticizers are important additives in hot-melt extrusion to allow processing within the optimal temperature range and at the desired yield rates without of course surpassing the pressure and torque limits of the extruder (Zhang and McGinity 1999). Several plasticizers for ethyl cellulose are reported in the literature such as dibutyl sebacate, dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, propylene glycol and glycerol (Rekhi and Jambhekar 1995). Unfortunately, all these plasticizers are in the liquid state.
Use of phthalate-containing prescription drugs and the risk of gastric cancer: a Danish nationwide case-control study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Zandra Nymand Ennis, Sidsel Arnspang Pedersen, Morten Rix Hansen, Anton Pottegård, Thomas Patrick Ahern, Jesper Hallas, Per Damkier
Phthalates are ubiquitous compounds widely used in used in consumer care goods where they are used as plasticizers [1]. Additionally, these compounds maintain color and scent in personal care goods [2]. Due to the widespread use of phthalates in such products, most people are exposed. Phthalates are also used as excipients in pharmaceuticals as coating material in the production of sustained or delayed release preparations [3]. They are used to prevent disintegration of the pill in the stomach acid [3]. However, high exposure among users of phthalate-containing medications have been demonstrated; urine samples have revealed up to a 50-fold increased exposure among users of phthalate-containing medications compared to non-users [4]. This potential harmful exposure can be prevented as all phthalate containing drug products are also represented by phthalate-free products [5]. Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that some phthalates are involved in mechanisms related to carcinogenesis, such as stimulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [6,7] mechanisms which are involved in the development of gastric adenocarcinomas [8]. However, the carcinogenic properties of phthalates are still uncharacterized and human data are conflicting. Scarce data in the available literature led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to classify the ortho-phthalates diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), as ‘not classifiable to human carcinogenicity’ [9,10].
Exploring the science, safety, and benefits of air care products: perspectives from the inaugural air care summit
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Mary B. Johnson, Rick Kingston, Mark J. Utell, J. R. Wells, Madhuri Singal, William R. Troy, Steve Horenziak, Pamela Dalton, Farah K. Ahmed, Rachel S. Herz, Thomas G. Osimitz, Steven Prawer, Shan Yin
Regarding phthalates: some phthalate compounds have been shown to be carcinogenic to laboratory rodents and these findings have cast a shadow of concern over the entire class of phthalate compounds. One phthalate in current use by some companies within the fragrance industry is diethyl phthalate (DEP) which has not been found to be carcinogenic (Carlson & Patton, 2010). DEP has been assessed by authoritative bodies as having a positive safety profile and has been determined to be safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products at currently used levels (European Commission, 2002; Chambers et al. 2007; Brandt, 2012). Although many air care companies have eliminated or are moving away from any phthalate use in their manufacturing processes, some phthalates continue to be found in air care products as low-level contaminants. A risk assessment regarding the presence of phthalate contaminants found in air care products performed by EPA and CPSC concluded that the presence of phthalates at contaminant levels does not pose a risk to consumer safety. Efforts by industry to eliminate the presence of phthalates in air care products, even at contaminant levels are encouraged.