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Role of Environmental Toxicants and Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Biddut Deb Nath, Dipti Debnath, Rokeya Pervin, Md. Akil Hossain
Organochlorine are chlorinated hydrocarbons commonly utilized as pesticides in cultivation and mosquito prevention since the 1940s, which have been prohibited in the United States because they were linked with PD158 and were accused of being neuronal toxic agents.7 Specifically, two chemicals, β hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dieldrin, were associated with PD.159 These are hydrophobic substances that can be readily absorbed by the skin, are preserved for prolonged periods of time in fatty tissues, and penetrate through the BBB. Dieldrin is believed to lead to cell damage in SN by adversely affecting mitochondrial action and causing oxidative stress by ROS when intake is fairly excessive, although such impacts are poor compared to rotenone, which needs very small quantities to induce these results.160,161 Nonetheless, at small nanomolar concentrations, an in-vitro analysis showed that HCH and dieldrin impair calcium homeostasis in dopaminergic cells, indicating that subsequent in-vivo research should be undertaken.162 A case-control analysis evaluating blood samples for five organochlorine pesticides showed that only dieldrin was correlated with a greater chance of PD.163 Autopsy analysis of human brains have reported a greater density of organochlorine compounds in PD brains, especially in striatum, relative to brains of patients without PD,164 whereas other autopsy tests suggest that organochlorine quantities were not substantially related to LB.165
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Other organochlorines. Several other organochlorine insecticides were introduced in the late 1940s to early 1950s, and they have experienced wide use before being banned in most countries due to their persistence and environmental and human health effects. Lindane is the γ-isomer of benzene hexachloride, and remains available as a scabicide and pediculocide in lotions and shampoos, as a secondary line of treatment after pyrethroids, but has been banned from agricultural use. The primary use of chlordane was for termite control, while other compounds (e.g., dieldrin, heptachlor, and endrin) were primarily used in agriculture. All of these compounds have moderate to high acute oral toxicity; however, in contrast to DDT, they are readily absorbed through the skin. The primary target for their toxicity is the CNS, and convulsions are a prominent aspect of poisoning. These are due to the ability of these compounds to interfere with GABA-mediated neurotransmission by binding to the chloride channel, similarly to type II pyrethroids (82). These organochlorine compounds are slowly metabolized, have a tendency to bioaccumulate in adipose tissue, and are excreted in milk. Many are also inducers of microsomal biotransformation enzymes and cause liver enlargement upon chronic exposure (100). Most of these insecticides were banned in the United States at the same time as DDT; for example, aldrin and dieldrin were banned in 1975, toxaphene in 1982, and chlordane in 1988.
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
Dieldrin is more toxic than DDT and HCH to insects, to other animals and to humans (highly hazardous; LD50 37 mg/kg). It has two main disadvantages: fairly high toxicity to humans and other animals, and proneness rapidly to produce resistance to cyclodiene compounds and to HCH. Dieldrin has been responsible for poisoning spray operators, domestic animals and poultry. Because of this and other factors, its use in public health practice has now virtually ceased.
Pesticides analysis in alternative biological matrices
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Luana C. Crocoli, Rafael A. Menck, Sidnei Moura
Studies have already demonstrated the presence of pesticides in environmental agents, such as water, soil and air, as well as in food, through direct or indirect contamination (Srivastav 2020). The presence of residues has also been detected in biological samples, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and hair. In addition to the ingestion of contaminated food, the presence of pesticides in this type of matrix is also indicative of direct exposure to these compounds. Along these lines, a study by Souza et al. (2020) identified the presence of nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the milk of mothers who had recently given birth in a hospital in northern Brazil. Extracting and analyzing the analytes present in the matrix fat, the pesticides with the highest average concentrations were methoxychlorine (1699.67 ng.g−1 of fat), dieldrin (774.62 ng.g−1 of fat), and endosulfan I (408.44 ng.g−1 of fat). These values found point to the current sources of contamination by dieldrin and endosulfan I, and past exposures to methoxychlorine, since, despite being banned in Brazil for more than 30 years, high levels of this pesticide are still detected (Souza et al.2020).
Nutrigenomics in Parkinson’s disease: diversity of modulatory actions of polyphenols on epigenetic effects induced by toxins
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Moara Rodrigues-Costa, Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema-Santos, Lílian Vanessa da Penha Gonçalves, Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
Dieldrin is a synthetic insecticide (1R,2S,3S,6R,7R,8S,9S,11R)-3,4,5,6,13,13-hexachloro-10-oxapentacyclo[6.3.1.13,6.02,7.09,11]tridec-4-ene, originally produced in 1948 and has been extensively used for agricultural practices. Several studies have shown that exposure to this organochlorine pesticide is associated with an increased risk of PD.37 Its neurotoxic effects in dopaminergic cell lineage N27 has also been related to histones H3 and H4 hyperacetylation. This effect has been described as due to proteasomal dysfunction, provoking accumulation of histone acetyltransferase (HATs). An in vivo study has also demonstrated histone hyperacetylation in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice submitted to chronic exposure of dieldrin.63 Recent evidence in rodents also suggests that dieldrin exposure during early brain development induces distinct effects on the male and female epigenome, which may mediate sensitivity to the development of late-life PD.64
Monitoring and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Karun River and drinking water Ahvaz city, South West of Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sahand Jorfi, Ali Poormohammadi, Elham Maraghi, Halime Almasi
Due to more rainfall and increased river water during winter, the toxins in the water are diluted and results in a decrease in their concentrations (Taheri et al.2015). Previous studies have clearly shown that several chlorine pesticides have not yet been controlled in some areas because many of these pesticides that are prohibited such as dieldrin and endrin, are still used as a soil insecticide to control rootworms, beetles, and termites (Behfar et al.2013). Dieldrin is used in agriculture to control soil insects and some egg-borne insect vectors. In general, application of this pesticide is limited to termite and insect control of wood and leather pests. Dieldrin has very strong bonds with soil particles and is therefore highly permeable to groundwater (Shinggu et al.2015). In this study, the concentrations of endrin and dieldrin were higher than those reported by other studies (Shinggu et al.2015, Majd et al.2017). Chlordane is commonly used in agricultural food crops like vegetables, cereals, maize, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, sugar beet, citrus fruits, walnuts, and cotton (Rathore and Nollet 2016). Based on the results, the concentrations of the studied OCPs were higher than the recommended standard values, except for chlordane that its concentration in December was lower than the standard value.