Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cholinergic Agonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar
Potentially less harmful compounds have replaced the irreversible anti-ChEs for used at home and garden. Irreversible anti-ChEs are no active in inhibiting AChE in vitro; paraoxon is the dynamic metabolite (Brunton, 2011). Liver cytochrome oxidase enzymes carried out the phosphoryl oxygen for sulfur substitution, this reaction also occurs in insects, actually with high competence. Other insecticides, such as diazinon and chlorpyrifos, possess the phosphorothioate structure and are widely used for agriculture purpose, home, and in garden. The uses of such compounds are limited because of data of chronic toxicity in the new-born animal. They have been banned from indoor and outdoor residential use since 2005 (Brunton, 2011).
Organophosphorus Compound-Induced Mitochondrial Disruption
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
Occupational, accidental or deliberate exposure to OPs can result in both acute and delayed or chronic forms of neurotoxicity in humans, which are discussed later. For example, there are several epidemiological and experimental studies to support the view that some OP pesticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos) can induce developmental neurotoxicity (Grandjean and Landrigan, 2006; Slotkin and Seidler, 2008; Flaskos and Sachana, 2010; Hargreaves, 2012). Furthermore, diazinon, which is used as an insecticide for crop protection and as a veterinary medicine in sheep dips, was originally considered to be moderately toxic based on LD50 assays in rats (Olsen, 1998). However, due to the adverse effects on pesticide handlers, farm workers and other non-target species, this compound is now either banned or restricted in use in many countries (EPA, 2000, 2006, 2017; APVMA, 2007; COT, 2007; DPI, 2007; EC, 2007).
Surveillance for Pesticide-Related Disease
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
The survey obtained urine samples from the National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2001-2002. This survey is a continuous national sample of the U.S. population. NHANES conducts a standardized health interview, physical examination, and testing of biological fluids. For organophosphates, the assessment included various urinary metabolites. Of interest is the metabolite indicative of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP). While use is restricted in the home environment, chlorpyrifos and diazinon are still used extensively in agriculture (especially chlorpyrifos).8 There does not appear to be much difference in concentration by gender, but there is a threefold increase in child urinary levels as compared to adults. This type of pesticide exposure trend at relatively modest levels in the population would only have been identified using the more precise biological exposure assessments seen in the National Exposure Survey. This exposure tool promises to be a more precise assessment of population body burden than the usual measurement of pesticide sales or agricultural pesticide applications available in some states.
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Mahyar Dorri, Shirin Hashemitabar, Hossein Hosseinzadeh
Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide used to control pest insects. Its adverse effects were reported in some part of body such as liver (Lari et al.2015), blood (Hariri et al.2011), and the nervous system (Moallem et al.2014). A recent study has shown that a cinnamon and ginger tea mixture can decrease the signs of the diazinon hepatotoxicity. In this study rats received a daily dose of 1/10 LD50 of diazinon for 10days and a cinnamon and ginger tea by gavage for 90days. Diazinon induced liver damages such as widening of blood sinusoids, hypertrophy of Kupffer cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytopathological alterations including degeneration of the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. Diazinon induced damage in the liver tissue of rats by oxidative stress which increased the apoptosis of the hepatocytes and metabolic disorders while the Cinnamon and ginger tea significantly reduced the hepatotoxicity (Mohamed 2017).
Biological removal of diazinon in a moving bed biofilm reactor – process optimization with central composite design
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ali Azizi, Abdollah Dargahi, Ali Almasi
Due to the high application of various pesticides, the exposure of humans to these pesticides is almost inevitable and, as a result, the risk of adverse effects on human health, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, may increase (Pirsaheb et al. 2014, Dargahi et al. 2018, Samarghandi et al. 2019). Toxicological and epidemiological studies have indicated that different concentrations of pesticide residues (at µg/L or even ng/L level) in drinking water can lead to detrimental effects, i.e. cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, genetic malformations, neurodevelopmental disorders and damage of the immune system, as well as endocrine-disrupting effects for mammals (Čolović et al. 2010, Cycoń et al. 2013, Li et al. 2015). Organophosphate pesticides, such as diazinon, are chemical agents affecting nerves that inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity (Pirsaheb et al. 2014). Diazinon, O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl) thiophosphate, is the largest groups of used insecticides in the organophosphate chemical family, and has commercially been introduced in 1952 (Drufovka et al. 2008). This compound has been classified as moderately hazardous Class II by the WHO, and its oral lethal dose, 50% (LD50) for rats has been found to be 18 mg/kg. Moreover, high residual concentrations of diazinon (0.41 to 1 µg/L) were found in urbane water-ways and effluents from wastewater treatment plants (Bailey et al. 2000). Due to its remarkable resistant, it has significant adverse effects on the environment. Hence, it is necessary to discover and to apply the effective methods for removal of the diazinon residues in the aqueous environment.
Protective effects of extracts of lichen Dirinaria consimilis (Stirton) D.D. Awasthi in bifenthrin- and diazinon-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vitro
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula, Biljana Kukavica
Diazinon [O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothionate] (Figure 1) is an organophosphate insecticide mostly used in agriculture and non-food buildings to control insects. Diazinon is a contact insecticide that kills insects by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase within the nervous system of the insect. Due to a lack of reports and pieces of evidence, the US EPA categorized diazinon as Group D, i.e., not under human carcinogenicity. The WHO/FAO (1965, 1967) declared the ‘acceptable daily intake’ for humans of 0.02 mg/kg body weight (Davies and Holub 1980, Bailey et al.2000).