China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
D
Published in Alan Earl-Slater, Dictionary of Health Economics, 2018
DDD is an acronym for defined daily dose. The World Health Organisation (WHO) publishes a reference manual on the DDDs of most prescription medicines. The DDD is said to reflect the typical average adult maintenance dose for that medicine per day.
Routine prescribing data
Published in Christine Bond, Ann Lewis, Using Medicines Information, 2018
Defined daily doses (DDDs) are a World Health Organization (WHO) statistical measure of drug consumption. DDDs are used to standardise the comparative usage of various drugs. They are a function of strength and quantity, and the basic definition of the unit given by the WHO is: ‘The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults.’
Quality and measurement
Published in Conrad Harris, Jane Richards, Prescribing in General Practice, 2018
Defined daily doses (DDDs) provide a better way of measuring volume than the number of items prescribed, because they are independent of prescription duration. A DDD reflects the typical adult maintenance dosage of a drug per day, as set by the WHO. The value for ranitidine, for example, is 300 mg. This does not imply that all patients should receive 300 mg a day, but dividing the number of patients in the population by the number of 300 mg doses in a period of, say, a year gives a reasonable estimate of the rate at which ranitidine is given; this can be compared with the rates of other practices. The deliberately equivalent DDD for cimetidine is 800 mg, so it is meaningful to add the DDDs of ranitidine and cimetidine, plus those of similar drugs, to get a figure for ulcer healing preparations.
Drug Utilization Evaluation of Medications Used by Hypertensive Patients in Hospitals in Nigeria
Published in Hospital Topics, 2022
Theophilus Ehidiamen Oamen, Kanayo Patrick Osemene
Data were collected retrospectively for drugs prescribed and dispensed to known registered hypertensive outpatients in the medical outpatients departments of State Hospital and Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta respectively, over a 1-year period (2017–2018). Data were retrieved by 2 (two) independent research assistants. Primary data extracted includes: bio-data (occupation and level of education), number of clinic visits, location of patient, blood pressure readings on each clinic visit, prescribed medications: dosages and duration of treatment and compute costs, compute cost (inclusive of other drugs apart from Primary Medication), changes to primary medication: classify medications along treatment plans and not along therapeutic groups (add-on medications) and compute the attendant costs, the prescriptions per clinic visit and cost per prescription. DEFINED DAILY DOSE (DDD) is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults was applied to compute antihypertensive drugs (Helena 2008).
How dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, and overlapping symptoms affect quality of life, use of health care, and medication - a long-term population based cohort study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Katrine Mie Klausen, Maria Bomme Høgh, Marc David, Ove B. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, Jane Møller Hansen
Further information about the participants were obtained using different Danish registers, which can be linked by the unique Civil Registration Number assigned to all Danish residents. The highest completed level of education for each participant was obtained from the Populations Education Register and subcategorized in four groups: Basic school education, secondary or short tertiary school education, long tertiary education and unknown [12]. Data regarding prescription of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), NSAID and ulcer drugs were obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry [12]. Drug use was described using the defined daily dose (DDD). The participants’ level of comorbidity was assessed calculating the Charlson-comorbidity index (CCI) using ICD-8 and ICD-10 diagnostic coding of the Danish National Patient Register [12]. Data were obtained for the period from 4 years prior to inclusion in the study (index date). A modified CCI was calculated disregarding diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). The levels of comorbidity were defined as low (0), medium (1) or high (≥2).
Impact of pharmaceutical price controls on the cost of cardiovascular drugs: does essentiality matter?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Simran Khanijo, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Rohit Kumar, Amol Narayan Patil, Gomata Bhusal, Gopal Vishwas, Geetika Arora
The above-mentioned sources were used to identify the prices of available brands of each cardiovascular medicine included in our study in Indian rupees (INR). The price of medications was calculated in cost per defined daily dose (DDD) unit. The DDD is a technical unit of measurement introduced by the World Health Organization and is defined as the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its principal indications in adults [23]. DDDs are assigned only to medicines allotted an Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code and only one DDD is allotted per ATC code and route of administration. DDDs are generally assigned on the basis of long-term maintenance treatment doses and are usually identical for various formulations of the drugs except when substantial bioavailability differences exist. The ATC classification system and the DDD as a measuring unit are tools for exchanging and comparing data on drug use at international, national, or local levels irrespective of differences in nomenclature, pack sizes, pricing, and usual dosages. The ATC/DDD system is maintained by the WHO Collaborating centre for Drug Statistics Methodology and is considered the gold standard for international drug utilization research [24]. The centre publishes an updated edition of ATC index with DDDs annually and the online searchable version was used for this study [25].