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Aspergillus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
László Kredics, János Varga, Rajagopalaboopathi Jayasudha, Sándor Kocsubé, Nikolett Baranyi, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Muthusamy Chandrasekaran, Shine Kadaikunnan, Venkatapathy Narendran, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Palanisamy Manikandan
Aspergillus species produce a wide range of other mycotoxins that may contaminate our foods and can be harmful to humans. Among them, the indole-tetramic acid mycotoxin known as cyclopiazonic acid was discovered in 1968 as a metabolite of Penicillium cyclopium in groundnuts [51]. A number of further Penicillium and Aspergillus species are known to produce this mycotoxin, including P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola, P. griseofulvum, P. palitans [52], A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. oryzae, A. pseudotamarii [9], and A. lentulus [53]. These mycotoxin-producing fungi are able to contaminate different agricultural products including various grains and seeds as well as cheese and meat products. Cyclopiazonic acid specifically inhibits calcium-dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which results in increased muscle contraction.
Metabolic and pharmacological profiling of Penicillium claviforme by a combination of experimental and bioinformatic approaches
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zafar Ali Shah, Khalid Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Tariq Masood, Hassan A. Hemeg, Abdur Rauf
The genus Penicillium has the most robust and prolific cytotoxic potential among the fungi investigated, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Penicillium produces metabolites such as cyclopiazonic acid, gliotoxin, dicatenarin, secalonic acid D (SAD) and chatoglobosine, which influence cell division directly or indirectly and thus have a successful cytotoxic effect [59]. A secondary metabolite isolated from Penicillium brefeldianum (SD-273) was tested against Artemia salina, confirming an LD50 value of 9.4 μΜ [60]. Similarly, a metabolite of Penicillium pinophilum (SD-272), named 6,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-3-methylphthalide, showed a significant LD50 value of 11.2 M against Artemia salina [61]. The metabolites of Penicillium sp. (NTC-47) have high cytotoxic potential and were also assessed in an investigation [62]. In addition, the pigments isolated from Penicillium simplicissimum (DPUA 1379) and Penicillium janczewskii (DPUA 304) showed the highest mortality against Artemia salina [63]. Considering the cytotoxic effect of Penicillium, both ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of P. claviforme were tested for cytotoxicity against Artemia. The fungal extracts were evaluated at three different doses of (100, 500 and 1000) gml−1. Our study showed that the percent mortality was significantly higher at a dose level of 1000 gml−1 for both extracts (Figure 3).
Toxicity effects of mycotoxins and autophagy: a mechanistic view
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Saba Ariafar, Akram Oftadeh Harsin, Ahmad Fadaiie, Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian, Mojdeh Mohammadi
Our perception of autophagy, and mainly its role in human disease and health, is at the initial stage. Even the greatest necessary question – whether autophagy plays a protective or a harmful role – is not obviously established for most diseases and toxicological situations. A large number of recent articles indicate a correlation between autophagy signaling pathway and exposure to mycotoxins. It is still unclear whether autophagy causes cell death after mycotoxins exposure or helps with the mechanism of resistance. Most mycotoxins, except a few cases such as patulin and chytochalasin, induce the molecular cascade of autophagy and ultimately induce autophagy. The most important point is that extreme autophagy can be just as harmful as defective autophagy. Besides, that increase of autophagosomes is not always due to the elevation of formation but because of autophagosome degradation inhibition. A better perception of the controlling pathways that regulate autophagy will be key in this regard. It should be noted that a number of mycotoxins that are mentioned in this article (cyclopiazonic acid, penicillic acid, ergot alkaloids, sterigmatocystin, and rubratoxin) have not been provided with information on their association with autophagy as long as this review was written. Our understanding of molecular mechanisms of autophagy is improving rapidly. By regulating autophagy, we can overcome disease or promote health in the near future.
Oxidative stress impairs cGMP-dependent protein kinase activation and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein serine-phosphorylation
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2019
Anees A. Banday, Mustafa F. Lokhandwala
Mesenteric tissue was incubated for 1 h in the dark at room temperature with 10 µM membrane-permeant Fura 2-AM and 0.02% Pluronic F-127 in normal physiological saline solution (N-PSS) that contained 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM glucose, and 5 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 (10). Tissue was pretreated with 10 µM cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) for 40 min and washed in and maintained briefly in a Ca2+ free medium (0Ca2+-PSS). CPA selectively inhibits endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and prevents Ca2+ uptake and thus stimulates Ca2+ entry by receptor-independent mechanisms. Ca2+ influx was initiated by replacing 0Ca2+-PSS with N-PSS, which contained 1 mM CaCl2. In some experiments tissue was pretreated with 50 µM 8p-CPT-cGMP or 1 μM KT5823 (PKG inhibitors), or 3 mM Ni2+ (a Ca2+ entry blocker) for 5 min. The tissue was illuminated at 340/380 nm and the fluorescence signal (500/520 nM) was recorded by Bio Tek spectrofluorometer (Winooski, VT).