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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Cyanogenic glycosides are found in bitter cassava roots and bitter almond (37). They are decomposed by an enzyme present in situ and release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or salt cyanide when plant tissue is crushed or chewed. Cyanide in high doses can cause death.
Characterization of Phyto-Constituents
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Himangini, Faizana Fayaz, Anjali
Glycosides are blends containing starch and a non-sugar development in a comparable molecule. Glycosides are characterized as the buildup results of sugars (counting polysaccharides) with a large group of various assortments of natural hydroxy (once in a while thiol) compounds (constantly monohydrate in character), in such a way, that the hemiacetal moiety of the starch must participate in the buildup. The carbohydrate or glycone is appended by an acetal linkage at carbon particle 1 to a nonsugar buildup or aglycone. On the basis of its pharmacological activity, sugar component and chemical property of aglycon component, glycosides are classified. Examples include cardiac glycosides (like digitalis acts on the heart), anthracene glycosides (like aloe and rhubarb used as purgative, and for treatment of skin diseases), chalcone glycoside (anticancer), alcoholic glycosides (salicin used as analgesic), cyanogenic glycosides (like amygdalin, prunasin) are used as flavoring agents in many pharmaceutical preparations. Amygdalin as shown in Figure 3.3 has been also utilized as antimalignant agent (HCN which is evolved in gastro kills cancer cells), and also as a cough suppressant in various preparations (Abraham et al., 2016). Overdose of cyanogenic glycosides can be lethal.
Anti-Nutrients in Bamboo Shoots
Published in Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht, Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht
Cyanogenic glycosides are amino acid–derived constituents of plants produced as secondary metabolites that release hydrogen cyanide when chewed or digested. Plants synthesize cyanogenic glycosides as a defence mechanism against the attack of herbivores, insects and pathogens. They occur in at least 2,500 plant species, represented within most plant families of which a number of species are used as food. There are approximately 25 known cyanogenic glycosides and these are generally found in the edible parts of plants, such as apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, almonds, cassava, bamboo shoots, linseed/flaxseed, lima beans, chickpeas, cashews, etc. The toxicity of cyanogenic glycosides and their derivatives is dependent on the release of hydrogen cyanide. The act of chewing or digestion leads to the hydrolysis of the substances, causing cyanide to be released. Symptoms of cyanide toxicity in humans have been reported to include rapid respiration, low blood pressure, headache, dizziness, vomiting, stomachache, diarrhea, convulsion and in severe cases death.
Cyanide poisoning in Thailand before and after establishment of the National Antidote Project*
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Sahaphume Srisuma, Aimon Pradoo, Panee Rittilert, Sunun Wongvisavakorn, Achara Tongpoo, Charuwan Sriapha, Wannapa Krairojananan, Netnapis Suchonwanich, Sumana Khomvilai, Winai Wananukul
There were 130 cases (37.9%) in the Before group and 213 cases (62.1%) in the Project group (Table 1). Median age was five years (interquartile range [IQR]: 3–29 years). Fifty-two percent of patients were male. Common sources of cyanide were cyanogenic glycosides (n = 245, 71.4%) including 243 from cassava, one from bitter almond, and one from bamboo shoot. There were 98 (28.6%) cyanide chemical exposures, 70 of which were exposed to gold or silver polishing solutions. Most exposures were unintentional (316, 92.1%). There were more cases with self-harm intent in the Project group (22, 10.3%) than in the Before group (five, 3.9%) (p value .038). Of the 27 self-harm cases, the majority involved ingestion of cyanide chemical (26; 96.3% of 27 cases), followed by cyanogenic glycoside (one, 3.7%). Most of the cases were symptomatic at presentation (338, 98.5%). Eighty patients (23.3%) had initial severe symptoms. There was no difference in initial severity between the two groups (Table 2).
Larvicidal and ovicidal activities of Artocarpus blancoi extracts against Aedes aegypti
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Maria Ruth B. Pineda-Cortel, Rachel Joy R. Cabantog, Paulo M. Caasi, Charles Anson D. Ching, Joseph Benjamin S. Perez, Paulo Gabriel M. Godisan, Cheska Marie G. Latorre, Danielle R. Lucero, Reginald B. Salonga
The effectiveness of the phytochemical constituents of plants has been well documented for their larvicidal and ovicidal activity (Silva et al. 2004; Chapagain et al. 2008; Ghosh et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2012; Arnason et al. 2017). Based on studies, all the plant constituents present in the ethyl acetate fraction of A. blancoi exhibit mosquitocidal properties. Sterols are proven to be toxic to some of the mosquito species thus its possible utilization in vector control (Ghosh et al. 2012). Terpene compounds exhibit larvicidal activity as well by the blockage of the sterol carrying protein (Kumar et al. 2012). Saponins act as a pest control agent because of their capability to cause increased mortality levels, lowered food intake, weight reduction, retardation, disturbances in the development, and decreased reproduction in pests. They make the food less attractive to eat, block sterol uptake by forming insoluble complexes, induce digestive problems, and cause molting defects to insects (Silva et al. 2012). Mosquitocidal activity has also been shown by saponins as demonstrated by the study by Chapagain et al. (2008) wherein saponins from a root-derived callus of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Zygophyllaceae) showed larvicidal activity against A. aegypti larvae. Glycosides, particularly cyanogenic glycosides, exhibit insecticidal properties through the production of hydrogen cyanide when metabolized which causes the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and other respiratory enzymes (Yu 2015). Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities are present in extracts of Calotropis gigantean (L.) W. T. Alton (Apocynaceae), which contain glycosides as one of the major phytochemical groups (Kumar et al. 2012). Tannins from the extract isolated from Magonia pubescens (Merrill) Figlar & Noot. (Sapindaceae) also showed larvicidal activity against A. aegypti larvae (Silva et al. 2004). These phytochemicals are responsible for the insecticidal efficacy of the ethyl acetate fraction of A. blancoi against A. aegypti larva and ova.
Cassava toxicity, detoxification and its food applications: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Anil Panghal, Claudia Munezero, Paras Sharma, Navnidhi Chhikara
In cassava (M. esculenta Crantz) root linamarin 15–1000 mg/kg as HCN is present (NZFSA 2008). Cyanogenic glycosides are nitrogen containing secondary metabolites synthesized by plant for defense mechanism and also known as phytoanticipins.