China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Crotamiton is an enamide and tertiary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of crotonic acid with N-ethyl-2-methylaniline. It is used in the treatment of pruritus by producing a counter-irritation: as it evaporates from the skin, it produces a cooling effect that diverts attention away from the itching. It has also been used as an acaricide in the treatment of scabies, though more effective drugs are usually preferred (1). Crotamiton is also used as solubilizer and may be included in topical NSAIDs, antimycotics, corticosteroids and others (5).
Polymers as Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
These copolymers are known as the RESYN series. Resyn 28-2930 is a copolymer of crotonic acid and vinyl acetate. The unneutralized resin is hard and brittle. When neutralized by various aminohydroxy compounds, it becomes more flexible. The neutralizer acts as an internal plasticizer.
Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dan Wu, Lili Jin, Xing Huang, Hao Deng, Qing-kun Shen, Zhe-shan Quan, Changhao Zhang, Hong-Yan Guo
Chen et al.128 reacted arctigenin with carboxylic acids (crotonic acid, furoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid), EDCI, and DMAP in dichloromethane under reflux at 60 °C to obtain six new monoester derivatives (148–153) (Figure 14). The properties of these derivatives were investigated using in vitro nitrite scavenging assay. The in vivo antitumor activity of the β-indole acetate ester of arctigenin (153) was studied at 20 and 40 mg/kg doses, with results showing that 153 had stronger antitumor activity in H22-bearing mice than that of arctigenin.
Changes in intestinal bacteria and imbalances of metabolites induced in the intestines of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients in a Japanese population: a preliminary result
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Senju Hashimoto, Takumi Tochio, Kohei Funasaka, Kazuki Funahashi, Tenagy Hartanto, Yuka Togashi, Misa Saito, Yuichiro Nishimoto, Mizuguchi Yoshinori, Kazunori Nakaoka, Ayako Watanabe, Mitsuo Nagasaka, Yoshihito Nakagawa, Ryoji Miyahara, Tomoyuki Shibata, Yoshiki Hirooka
Fecal samples were initially lyophilized by using a VD-800R lyophilizer (TAITEC) for at least 18 h. Freeze-dried feces were disrupted with 3.0 mm zirconia beads by vigorous shaking (1,500 r.p.m. for 10 min) using a Shake Master (Biomedical Science). Fecal samples (10 mg) were suspended with 100 μL of internal standard (crotonic acid) followed by 50 μL of concentrated HCl and 200 μL of ether added to each of the tubes. Tubes were vigorously shaken (1,500 r.p.m. for 10 min) using a Shake Master (Biomedical Science) and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min.
Evaluation of developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of aqueous seed extract of Croton tiglium L. using zebrafish
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Thangal Yumnamcha, Maibam Damayanti Devi, Debasish Roy, Upendra Nongthomba
Remedies obtained from medicinal plants are being increasingly adopted by the masses over the past decade, as people believe that natural medicines are much safer than synthetic drugs (Khan et al. 2011). However, the notion, that herbal medicines are totally safe, is not only misleading, but wrong as well (Ekor 2013). In fact, it is becoming clear that they can have toxic side-effects in animals, humans included. Previous studies have reported that different herbs, and herbal products, can cause various types of toxicity, including genotoxicity (Hwang et al. 2013; Yumnamcha et al. 2014; Ortiz et al. 2016), developmental toxicity (Randriamampianina et al. 2013; Yumnamcha et al. 2015), reproductive toxicity (Riet-Correa et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2016), and hepatotoxicity (Teschke 2014a, 2014b, 2015). Moreover, there have been reports of increase in cases of poisoning, following consumption of herbal medicines (Ekor 2013). Therefore, in-depth toxicological evaluation of any medicinal plant, before it enters widespread usage, is crucial, so as to ensure that it is safe for consumption, and also mitigate the health risk to the public (Zhou et al. 2013). Croton tiglium L. is a shrub native to South East Asia, and belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. As per records, this plant has been used to treat various disorders in humans since ancient times (Morimura 2003; Tsai et al. 2004; Pal et al. 2014). Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous seed extract of C. tiglium, performed using chemical methods, has revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, triterpenoids, and carbohydrates (Yumnamcha et al. 2014). Moreover, the presence of phorbol esters and crotonic acid in the seeds of C. tiglium has also been reported (El-Mekkawy et al. 2000; Pal et al. 2014). Different preparations of this plant extract have been shown to have anti-tumour, anti-HIV, and anti-inflammatory properties (Sinsinwar et al. 2016). It is also useful in the management of constipation, as a laxative (Pal et al. 2014), and in the treatment of dermatophytosis (Lin et al. 2016). Despite its evidently widespread use, the toxicological aspects of this plant have remained largely unexplored. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of the aqueous seed extract of C. tiglium (AECT) using zebrafish as the model.