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Crataegus laevigata (Midland Hawthorn) and Emblica officinalis (Indian Gooseberry)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
The genus Crataegus known as hawthorns (Figure 20.1), is derived from the Greek word “kratos” meaning hardwood (Moustafa et al., 2019), Crataegus relates to the Crataegeae tribe and subfamily Maloideae of Rosaceae (28 genera and 940 species) (Evans and Campbell, 2002) and a family Rosaceae comprises about 280 species with economic importance (Hyam and Pankhurst, 1995). Crataegus laevigata is a thorny shade-tolerant shrub with a height of 12 m (Thomas et al., 2021). The hawthorn grows on mountains, native to the Mediterranean region, especially in North Africa, Europe, and Central Asia, but also in many parts of North America (Caliskan, 2015). The flowers have two shapes rarely varying from one to five with an equal number of pyrenes in the fruit (Thomas et al., 2021). Crataegus fruits are an important food source for birds and small mammals and are found in trees even in winter (González-Varo et al., 2021).
Herbal Products in Antihypertensive Therapy
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
Fernão C. Braga, Steyner F. Côrtes
The genus Crataegus (Rosaceae) comprises almost 300 species of trees and shrubs. Preparations from the leaves and flowers of some Crataegus species (hawthorn) have been used for treating CVD since the late 1800s (Hobbs and Foster 1990). Over 20 species of Crataegus are used as medicinal plants worldwide, and based on their efficacy and safety the species Crataegus oxyacantha L. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. are listed in the pharmacopoeias of France (1998), England (2000), Germany (DAB, 1997) and Switzerland (1997), as well as in the European Pharmacopoeia (1998; Rastogi et al. 2016).
Ethnobotany of the Silk Road – Georgia, the Cradle of Wine
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana, Shalva Sikharulidze, Zaal Kikvidze, David Kikodze, David Tchelidze, Ketevan Batsatsashvili
Over recent decades, efforts have been made to document the medicinal flora used in Georgia and the wider Caucasus, starting with Miller et al. (2001). However, it is clear that traditional ethno-medicinal uses in Georgia have widely receded especially since independence in 1991. Examples include Angelica adzharica M. Pimen (traditionally used as an appetite regulator, for insomnia, cramps, and gastrointestinal problems), Heracleum wilhelmsii Fisch. et Avé-Lall. (arthritis and arthrosis), Anthemis sp. (ginivitis and tonsilitis), and Cyclamen sp. (gynecological problems, liver ailments). None of these applications are now included in the Georgian traditional pharmacopoeias (Miller et al., 2001; Bussmann et al., 2016a,b, 2017a,b, 2018). Some species have maintained their use, however. Betula sp. is still used to treat respiratory problems and as a diuretic; Paeonia sp. has retained its use to treat cramps and epilepsy. In some cases, new modern uses have been derived. Galanthus sp. is now widely collected and sold to the pharmaceutical industry to prepare medications related to myasthenia, myopathy polyneuritis, and radiculitis (Miller et al., 2001). Sadly, such cases are the exception. Modern studies indicate that present day medicinal plant use in Georgia is very much restricted to relatively few well-known species, e.g., Achillea millefolium L., Arctium lappa L., Artemisia absinthium L., Chelidonium majus L. (Batsatsashvili et al., 2017k), Cichoryum intybus L.; Crataegus sp. (Batsatsashvili et al., 2017e), Cydonia oblonga L., Equisetum arvense L., Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (Fayvush et al., 2017a), Hypericum perforatum L., Inula helenium L. (Batsatsashvili et al., 2017l), Matricaria chamomilla L., Melissa officinalis L., Plantago lanceolata L. and P. major L., Symphytum caucasicum M. Bieb (as replacement of Symphytum officinale L.; Batsatsashvili et al., 2017h), Tilia caucasica Rupr (as replacement of Tilia cordata L.; Batsatsashvili et al., 2017n), Tussilago farfara L., Urtica dioica L. (Batsatsashvili et al., 2017i), Valeriana officinalis L., Viburnum lantana L., and V. opulus L. (Batsatsashvili et al., 2017o). Each of the listed plants has a very long, documented history of use. They are included in many European pharmacopoeias and are still used today for exactly the same purposes (Bussmann et al., 2016a, b, 2017a,b, 2018). Many remain the most popular medicinal species sold in local markets. related to the use of these species may be obtained by studying local herbal treatises, often translated from Russian, which, in turn, were derived from earlier central European editions.
Crataegus aronia enhances sperm parameters and preserves testicular architecture in both control and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-induced rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
It is, therefore, necessary to better understand the molecular basis of NAFLD-induced reproductive impairment and develop safe strategies for reversing these adverse effects. Crataegus aronia (syn. Azarolus L) (Rosaceae) is one of the most dominant hawthorn species populating the wooded areas and mountains of the Mediterranean basin (Ali-Shtayeh et al. 2000). It is widely used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean region for chronic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and sexual weakness (Ali-Shtayeh et al. 2000; Said et al. 2002; Ljubuncic et al. 2005). Like the other hawthorn species that are listed as safe herbal medication worldwide (Bahorun et al. 1994, 1996, 2003; Jayalakshmi and Devaraj 2004; Al-Hallaq et al. 2013), the pharmacological effects of C. aronia have been ascribed to its safe use and toleration (Al-Hallaq et al. 2013). In addition, C. aronia exhibits hypolipidaemic and anti-obesity properties and is a potent antioxidant for inhibiting lipid peroxidation, scavenging superoxide radicals and increasing intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels (Ljubuncic et al. 2005; Al-Hallaq et al. 2013).
Crataegus Aronia protects and reverses vascular inflammation in a high fat diet rat model by an antioxidant mechanism and modulating serum levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Abdullah S. Shatoor, Suliman Al Humayed, Mahmoud A. Alkhateeb, Khalid A. Shatoor, Hussain Aldera, Mohammed Alassiri, Ali A. Shati
Crataegus aronia (Willd.) Bosc (Rosaceae) (syn. Azarolus L), predominantly found in the mountains of the Mediterranean basin, is commonly used in the Arabic traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and sexual weakness (Ljubuncic et al. 2005). In our labs, we have shown that C. aronia is a well-tolerated plant (LD50 is up to 2000 mg/kg) and have several beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system including an antiplatelet, hypolipidemic, inotropic, heart rate lowering and antioxidant effects (Shatoor 2011, 2012; Shatoor 2013; Humayed 2017).
Biosynthesis of anti-leishmanial natural products in callus cultures of Artemisia scoparia
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Reema Yousaf, Mubarak Ali Khan, Nazif Ullah, Imdad Khan, Obaid Hayat, Muhammad Aamir Shehzad, Irfan Khan, Faqeer Taj, Nizam Ud Din, Asghar Khan, Ijaz Naeem, Huma Ali
The callus cultures resulted in significant variations in the production of total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH free radical scavenger activity (Figure 5(a–c)). The callus cultures established in response to the combination of BA and 2,4-D (1.5 mg/L, each) produced higher levels of TPC (4.1 mg GAE/g). However, compared with BA higher level of TPC was detected in the callus grown at 2,4-D (1.5 mg/L). The lower value of TPC (2.0 mg GAE/g) was detected in the control sample (Figure 5(a)). In a similar study, the highest TPC (52 ± 0.56 mg) was detected in the callus cultures of Crataegus azarolus, established at 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D plus 1.0 mg/L BAP [30]. Unlike data on TPC, interestingly the flavonoid content (TFC) was observed at a higher level (2.8 mg GAE/g) in the callus grown at 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D. A combination of equal levels of BA plus 2,4-D considerable amount of flavonoids (1.7 mg QAE/g) were produced in callus cultures. The lowest flavonoid content (0.8 mg QAE/g) was detected in the control sample (Figure 5(b)). Generally, the biosynthesis of phenols and flavonoids occurs through the derivation of their carbon skeletons from two basic compounds, malonyl-CoA and p-coumaroyl-CoA in the phenylpropanoid pathway [41]. At the first step, the formation of the phenylpropanoid skeleton takes place in plants due to the deamination of L phenylalanine and yields trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia with the help of phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme, which is considered as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of these phenylpropanoids [42]. Plant cell produces a variety of defence metabolites in response to stress stimuli, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc., having human health promoting attributes [43]. Phenylpropanoids are low molecular weight compounds having antioxidant properties which are useful against several disorders and have also show ample activity against leishmaniasis [4].