China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nonessential Dietary Components: Bioflavonoids and Curcumin
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
In 1982, Rao and others from the Department of Pharmacology at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, India reported on antiinflammatory activities of sodium curcuminate and naturally occurring curcumin analogs (curcuminoids).1350 Carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats was significantly inhibited by all curcuminoids at oral doses up to 30 mg/kg, although, at higher doses, less inhibition was found, indicating a biphasic antiinflammatory response. This suggests that some doses of curcumin may act as a counter-irritant. The analog 4-hydroxyferuloyl methane exhibited greater antiinflammatory activity than curcumin. Antiinflammatory activity of curcuminoids was comparable to or better than phenylbutazone. Table 6 lists the ED50 doses for the compounds tested.
Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Tapash K. Ghosh, Dermal Drug Delivery, 2020
Kenneth A. Walters, Majella E. Lane
For the treatment of pain the active ingredient may have analgesic, anesthetic, antipruritic or counterirritant properties. The mechanism of action of analgesics, anesthetics or antipruritic agents relies on depression of cutaneous sensory receptors for pain, burning, stinging and itching. On the other hand, counterirritants work by producing a mild local inflammatory reaction. The main therapeutic ingredients employed for topical pain relief include ammonium salicylate, benzocaine, diethylamine salicylate, glycol salicylate, methyl salicylate, menthol, camphor, capsicum oleoresin, ethyl nicotinate, hexyl nicotinate, 2-hydroxyethyl salicylate, lidocaine, methyl nicotinate, methyl salicylate, sodium salicylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl salicylate. In most over-the-counter (OTC) preparations combinations of ingredients will be present. Formulations currently available include the DTPs discussed earlier, lotions, liniments, gels, creams, ointments and sprays.
Far Eastern Medicine
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
Acupuncture plays a most important part in Chinese therapy. It consists in introducing into the skin a number of thin needles, either cold or heated, made of silver, gold, steel, or iron, and of various lengths (from one to ten inches). The aim is to penetrate one or more of the imaginary canals called chin which contain no blood but are the channels for the two vital principles. These twelve canals are thought to occupy a profound relation to the vital organs. Puncturing them is thought to remove obstruction and allow the escape of bad secretions. Connected with them are the, also imaginary, three burning spaces, situated in specified parts of the abdomen, which are regarded variously as storage spaces for Yang and Yin and as a drainage system from the twelve canals into the bladder. Elaborate charts and details for the performance of acupuncture have been in existence since ancient times. Acupuncture began about 2700 b.c. and has been preserved almost without change up to our own day. It can be accompanied by the application of moxa — that is, burning on the skin the powdered leaves of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), to which a little incense may be added. This form of treatment, like acupuncture, is widespread through the Far East and is used for all diseases. In recent times this practice, which has such a remote origin, has been attentively studied in the West, and particularly in France. Some authors do not hesitate to attribute great benefit to it as a counter-irritant.
Contextualizing ovarian pain in the late 19th century — Part 2: Ovarian-based treatments of “hysteria”
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
John Jarrell, Frank W. Stahnisch
Emile Chairou (1832–1870), chief of service at L’Asile Impérialdu Vésinet in Paris, had published a thesis on the ovarian causes of hysteria, which was based on 26 detailed case studies and autopsy reports, incriminating ovarian pathologies as being associated with pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and amenorrhea (Chairou 1870, 61–69). He also presented a case of imperforate hymen, with a retrograde collection of intrauterine blood. The pain symptomatology revealed to him that the pelvic organs were the predominant source of the pain and the accompanying nervous phenomena. His treatment, applying leeches on the cervix and to iliac fossa, was directed at the ovary, and it physiologically served him as a counterirritant to lessen the discomfort. He confronted the preceding epidemiological report of Pierre Briquet (1796–1881) (Briquet 1859) and wondered why some women with hysteria seemed to improve clinically, following marriage, but his recognition of improvement was attributed to blood-loss during delivery and not to then unknown pregnancy-related suppression of ovarian function.
The use of passive cable theory to increase the threshold of nociceptors in people with chronic pain
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2021
Ayman A. Mohamed, Motaz Alawna
On the other side, non-pharmacological approaches to manage chronic pain have included supra-threshold stimulation, deep brain stimulation (DBS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and exercises. Supra-threshold modalities include the use of topical capsaicin, heat/cold, or intense TENS. Capsaicin mainly consists of peppers that can be externally applied as a pitch or cream. Capsaicin itself is painful and works as a counter-irritant by replacing or distracting current pain by another more intense pain [61]. However, using capsaicin to decrease chronic pain is widely used, dysfunction may occur to nociceptors after repeated use of capsaicin because the patient experiences prolonged desensitization to a noxious stimulus which causes a loss of nerve function [62]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that it is very difficult to gather good quality evidence for the use of capsaicin [61].
Hypnoanalgesia in Dentistry: A Literature Review
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2019
Houmayraa Dilmahomed, Mar Jovani-Sancho
In fact, two main methods of treatments exist to relieve pain: pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. Although pharmacological treatments are often easier to access and better accepted in the general population and in the scientific community, their efficacy against acute and chronic pain is often limited, and their safety profile is less than ideal. On the other hand, nondrug interventions for pain relief can be classified into two types: counterirritants such as acupuncture, electrical stimulation, physiotherapy or auriculotherapy, and mind–body techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, hypnosis, relaxation, and psychotherapy. These practices activate the endogenous pain control system and manage to induce not only specific effects, but also nonspecific effects related to the patient–physician relationship or placebo effect (Coutaux, 2017).