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Saussurea costus (Kust) and Senna alexandrina (Senna)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Amita Dubey, Soni Gupta, Mushfa Khatoon, Anil Kumar Gupta
Costunolide showed anti-angiogenic potential by substantially delaying the development of endothelial cells by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It also inhibited the chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) caused by VEGF (Thara and Zuhra, 2012; Mohammad et al., 2013).
Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
Costunolide (165), a very unstable sesquiterpene γ-lactone, from Saussurea radix, was treated in A. niger to produce three dihydrocostunolides (166–168) (Clark and Hufford, 1979). Costunolide is easily converted into eudesmanolides (169–172) in diluted acid, thus, 166–168 might be biotransformed after being cyclized in the medium including the microorganisms. If the crude drug including costunolide (165) is orally administered, 165 will be easily converted into 169–172 by stomach juice (Figure 23.52).
Conversion of Natural Products from Renewable Resources in Pharmaceuticals by Cytochromes P450
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Giovanna Di Nardo, Gianfranco Gilardi
Among sesquiterepenes, costunolide (Fig. 17.11) has shown potent antiproliferative effects in different types of cancer and it is a precursor of other biologically active sesquiterpene lactones (Rasul et al., 2012; Tabata et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015). Starting from pharnesyl diphosphate, three enzymes produce this compound. They are germacrene A synthase (GAS), a cytochrome P450 that acts as germacrene A oxidase (GAO) and cytochrome P450 CYP71BL3 that acts as a costunolide synthase (COS) (Fig. 17.11). Even if with low yields of production, the three enzymes were co-expressed in S. cerevisiae to produce this important compound (Liu et al., 2011). In a more recent work, the three genes were co-expressed in Escherichia coli and the yields improved up to 100 mg/L (Yin et al., 2015). Biosynthesis of costunolide from pharnesyl diphosphate that is the substrate of germacrene A synthase (GAS). Two cytochromes P450 acting as germacrene A oxidase (GAO) and costunolide synthase (COS) are then involved.
In vitro neuroprotective effects of farnesene sesquiterpene on alzheimer’s disease model of differentiated neuroblastoma cell line
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Mehmet Enes Arslan, Hasan Türkez, Adil Mardinoğlu
Sesquiterpenes lactones (SL) was investigated as a group of biologically active plant chemistry that have been described in various plant families such as Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Menispermaceae, Rutaceae, Winteraceae and Hepatideae [15]. However, the largest number of Compositae (Asteraceae) family was shown to have more than 3,000 different structures [22]. Costunolide was analyzed as an active component of the crude extract of Saussurea lappa roots, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant [16]. The anticancer property of Costunolide was first reported in a rat intestinal carcinogenesis model induced by azoxymethane, and in a later study supported using the DMBA-derived hamster buccal carcinogenesis model [23]. Following these two in vivo experiments, significant efforts have been made to understand the mechanism responsible for the anticancer activity of costunolide. First, costunolide was found as a potent apoptotic stimulant in multiple ways in cancer cells. Costunolidine has been reported to readily degrade intracellular oxidized-GSH and to disrupt the cellular redox balance [24]. Also, many studies showed that sesquiterpenes from different species exhibit high antioxidant properties such as Inula viscosa and Hertia cheirifolia [25–27]. Moreover, anti-Alzheimer’s disease features of sesquiterpenes were displayed through different mechanisms as anti-inflammatory pathway activations and NF-κB induced cytokine production inhibitions [28–30].