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ExperimentaL Oral Medicine
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
The influence of testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisone on the submandibular and parotid glands of hypophysectomized rats was reported by Bixler et al.6 Forty-eight albino rats, hypophysectomized at 40 days of age, were divided into four groups. Group I received daily s.c. injections of 10 μg sodium thyroxine in aqueous solution and 250 μg testosterone in sesame oil. Group II was given daily i.m. injections of 2.5 mg cortisone acetate in saline suspension. Group III was injected daily with 10 μg thyroxine, 250 μg testosterone, and 2.5 mg cortisone. Group IV was not injected with any hormones and served as controls. All animals were fed a special diet of natural foods ad libitum for 21 days, when they were sacrificed by ether inhalation. The salivary glands were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned and stained with Mallory’s connective tissue stain and with hematoxylin and eosin.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Correlations of Corticosteroids
Published in Hartmut Derendorf, Günther Hochhaus, Handbook of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation, 2019
Helmut Möllmann, Stefan Baibach, Günther Hochhaus, Jürgen Barth, Hartmut Derendorf
Saliva levels measured for drug monitoring reflect only the free and not the total HC plasma concentration.35 The HC/cortisone ratio in plasma is about 6:1.30,38 During the absorption phase of oral cortisone, this ratio is larger (10:1) as a result of an intensive first-pass metabolism to HC in the liver. The water-soluble hemisuccinate ester (HCHS), a prodrug for IV administration, is efficiently bioactivated to HC.32 Cortisone acetate (CA) is used for intramuscular and oral treatment. Orally given CA is immediately absorbed and quantitatively transformed into HC with a Cmax reached after approximately 1.7 h.30 However, there has been controversy concerning the efficacy of intramuscularly administered CA. The increased bioavailability of oral vs. i.m. administration is attributed to a better conversion to HC as a result of an intensive first-pass metabolism.39,40 Besides its intra-articular and epidural application in sustained release preparations,27,41 hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) is also used in local therapy of bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.42 Rectal administration in the form of enemas or foams is clinically most effective. However, the information about systemic absorption is very inconsistent, since bioavailability values of 2 to 30% have been reported.31,42–44
The Influence of Pituitary-Adrenal Axis on the Immune System
Published in Istvan Berczi, Pituitary Function and Immunity, 2019
Neither in vitro cortisol (1 and 10 μg/mℓ), nor cortisol administration in vivo, had any effect on either PHA induced or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity of alveolar macrophages against SRBC targets. However, after treatment with a depot preparation of cortisone acetate, a marked decrease in cytotoxic effector function of alveolar macrophages was observed. The suppressed killer cell function could be overcome by increasing the density of antibody and PHA on target cells.192
Effects of shuanghuanglian injection on the activities of CYP1A2, 2C11, 2D1 and 3A1/2 in rats in vivo and in vitro
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Yuan Shi, Juan Xu, Yan Qiao, Wenlong Zhang, Duo Liu, Mengnan Qin, Gaofeng Liu, Mei Dong
SHLI were purchased from Harbin Pharm Group Co. Ltd Second Chinese Medicine Factory (Harbin, China). It consisted of 25 mg baicalin, 1.67 mg chlorogenic acid, 1.56 mg forsythiaside A and 0.35 mg phillyrin Per 100 mg. Metoprolol, dapsone, dextromethorphan and dextrorphan were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO). Caffeine, phenacetin, antipyrine and cortisone acetate were obtained from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Paracetamol was purchased from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Tolbutamide was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). 4-Hydroxytolbutamide was obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (North York, Canada). Testosterone was purchased from International Laboratory Limited (San Bruno, CA). 6β-Hydroxy testosterone was purchased from BD Biosciences Co. (Woburn, MA). NADPH was purchased from Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Mannheim, Germany). Methanol and formic acid were of HPLC grade, acetonitrile was hyper grade for LC-MS, all other reagents were of analytical grade. The solution of probe drugs mixture for administration was dissolved with physiological saline that contained proper amount of Tween 80 to dissolve all drugs completely.
Management of age-associated medical complications in patients with β-thalassemia
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2020
Irene Motta, Marta Mancarella, Alessia Marcon, Marco Vicenzi, Maria Domenica Cappellini
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is generally considered an infrequent target of chronic iron toxicity [40]. The presence of high serum concentrations of ACTH is consistent with the direct damage to the adrenal glands, which may be confirmed by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [49]. ACTH levels lower than the normal values suggest secondary (central) adrenal insufficiency due to pituitary iron deposition, although combined central and peripheral impairments cannot be ruled out. In a few studies, the impaired adrenal function has been associated with less iron overload, as evaluated through serum ferritin levels and hepatic parameters [50]. Overall, the causes of adrenal insufficiency in the thalassemic patients remain to be established [51]. Adrenal insufficiency develops gradually, and the associated symptoms, such as fatigue, may be nonspecific and may overlap with those of chronic anemia. Since adrenal insufficiency is a condition that may be fatal if left untreated, the main risk of an undetected disease is that it may present a life-threatening acute crisis. The diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is based on the measurement of serum cortisol at baseline and after stimulation. Evaluation of basal adrenal function (ACTH and cortisol basal levels) must be performed every year in adult thalassemic patients, and since a normal basal function cannot rule out a reduced functional reserve, an ACTH stimulation test should be performed in selected cases (Table 1) [52]. In case of the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency, replacement therapy with cortisone acetate must be commenced, and for the patients with subclinical adrenal impairment, replacement therapy should be implemented in case of stressful events [48].
Brain-targeted delivery of PEGylated nano-bacitracin A against Penicillin-sensitive and -resistant Pneumococcal meningitis: formulated with RVG29 and Pluronic® P85 unimers
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Wei Hong, Zehui Zhang, Lipeng Liu, Yining Zhao, Dexian Zhang, Mingchun Liu
Approximately, 6-week-old male KM mice were used for the experiments. One day prior to inoculation (day 0) and during the period of the experiments, all mice received a daily intramuscular injection of cortisone acetate at 5.0 mg/kg. On day 1, the KM mice were sedated and intracisternally injected with 100 µL of 109 CFU/mL of S. pneumonia ATCC 49619 and S. pneumonia 16167 mixture to establish the PM mouse model.