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Egypt
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Instructions for a woman ‘swollen after birth’ declared that the woman should pour new oil into her vagina (S.4). A topical remedy for swelling of the genitalia was a mixture of finely-powdered green eye paint (malachite) and boiled cow’s milk (S.l5). Malachite (copper carbonate) and other copper salts were used as cosmetics during the Old Kingdom era. Research has shown that copper salts, of which malachite is the most useful, inhibit bacterial growth, so topical application of the substance to an infected pubic area could have been effective. Malachite was used both as an eye cosmetic and to combat eye infections. Malachite is also listed as an ingredient in 39 drug formulations in the Ebers Papyrus (Estes, 1989 p. 65).
Metals
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Anirudh J. Chintalapati, Frank A. Barile
Cu is a malleable, odorless solid with a reddish-brown color. It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and reacts with water and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form greenish-colored hydrated copper carbonate (CuCO3). With time, Cu oxidizes by reacting with oxygen in the air.
Use of Critically Important Antimicrobials in Food Production
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Triazoles (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, and propiconazole) are used for the control of fungal diseases on lawns (Fusarium patch, anthracnose, and dollar spot) and ornamental plants (mildew and rusts). Tebuconazole and propiconazole are used to prevent wood decay by some fungi (e.g. Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria spp.). They can be used in combination with copper carbonate and are the main components of copper organic wood preservatives used in industry to pressure-treat timbers, such as those used in fencing, cladding, plywood, roofing, and garden decking. Copper triazole combination preservatives are widely marketed in North America and across Europe. Wood preservatives containing propiconazole and tebuconazole are also available for domestic use. Propiconazole is registered for use in adhesives, paints, leather, paper, and textiles and is available in the UK as the active ingredient in an antifouling agent, biocidal paints and surface biocides (U.S. Forest Service, 2016; U.S. EPA, 2006; ECDC, 2013; Eurostat, 2001).
Toxicity of copper oxide and basic copper carbonate nanoparticles after short-term oral exposure in rats
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Wim H. De Jong, Eveline De Rijk, Alessandro Bonetto, Wendel Wohlleben, Vicki Stone, Andrea Brunelli, Elena Badetti, Antonio Marcomini, Ilse Gosens, Flemming R. Cassee
CuO NPs and Cu2CO3(OH)2 NPs dissolve almost completely under stomach conditions at pH1.6 within 72 h (Figure 2). During that time, the ion-resolved dissolution rate was very similar for both materials with 50% dissolved after about 16 h for both materials (Figure 2). As this time is longer than the residence time in the stomach, this suggests dissolution in the stomach will be incomplete, and so we tested the dissolution at pH 5.8 in conditions representative of the intestine. Here we observed that the dissolution is incomplete, although transformation of the particles is clearly observed via TEM (Supplementary Figure 2(f)). This includes a decrease in the size of the primary particles in conjunction with an increase in agglomerate size resulting in larger structures. The time to 50% dissolution is 20 h for micronized copper carbonate (Cu2CO3(OH)2 NPs), but 50 h for CuO NPs. Adding to this interesting difference, we observed that dissolution occurs at much lower rates in the simple GI-tract simulant medium with the NaNO3 buffer at pH 5.3 compared with the complex GI-tract simulant FeSSIF-V2 (pH 5.8) (Figure 2). Thus, the dissolution in the intestine is not only pH driven but is likely to be accelerated by the bile salts and other physiological substances, in complete analogy to the interactions observed under environmental dissolution and transformation of Cu NPs (Adeleye et al. 2014; Keller et al. 2017). The effect of dissolution on nanoparticle morphology in stomach fluid simulant and complex intestinal fluid simulant is shown in Supplementary Figure 2.
Quantitative human health risk assessment along the lifecycle of nano-scale copper-based wood preservatives
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Danail Hristozov, Lisa Pizzol, Gianpietro Basei, Alex Zabeo, Aiga Mackevica, Steffen Foss Hansen, Ilse Gosens, Flemming R. Cassee, Wim de Jong, Antti Joonas Koivisto, Nicole Neubauer, Araceli Sanchez Jimenez, Elena Semenzin, Vrishali Subramanian, Wouter Fransman, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Wendel Wohlleben, Vicki Stone, Antonio Marcomini
Copper carbonate: For Cu2(OH)2CO3 nanoparticles, a dose–response study was performed with the highest dose being 128 mg/kg b.w. Repeated (five times) oral administration of the highest dose induced severe toxic responses in the treated animals as indicated by the behavior of the animals, frequent washing and piloerection. Based on these observations, the animals scheduled for prolonged observation (autopsy after a recovery period at day 26 after treatment) were autopsied prematurely at days 6 and 7, respectively, 24 and 48 hours after the last (day 5) treatment.